Algae Based Biofuel Biofuel

Algae-Based Biofuels an Alternative option for Fuel Security

  • February 14, 2023February 17, 2023
  • by everflow

Algae-based biofuel has recently become a popular renewable energy source due to its potential to produce vegetable oil and petroleum-derived fuels, like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Through a process of distillation, natural oils found in certain types of algae can be isolated and used as a direct replacement for traditional petroleum-based fuels. This promising energy source could revolutionize the way we power our world.

Algae Based Biofuel

Bio-fuel derived from algae is considered carbon-neutral as the carbon emitted from burning it is the same as the amount of carbon that was recently absorbed by the algae as food. While industry claims suggest that the GHG footprint of algae-based bio-diesel. It is 93 percent lower than conventional diesel, this does not factor in the CO2 used in its production.

Algae-based fuel yields more energy per unit area than other bio-fuels and can be produced on land that is not suitable for other agricultural activities. Many companies have already started large-scale production of algae-based fuel and trials with airlines such as United and Qantas. These have been conducted using fuel blends of up to 40 percent algae-derived fuel. To maximize efficiency, vertical photo bio-reactors (PBRs) are now in use and can recycle up to 85 percent of the water along with excess nutrients and CO2 (Rony, Z. I., et al. 2023).

Importance and challenges of Algal Biofuels

Algal Biofuels are gaining attention as a potential renewable alternative to traditional fuels. Algal biofuels are produced from oils extracted from microalgae, which are a form of microscopic life found in water. Algae can be grown in ponds, tanks, or bioreactors, and the oils they produce can be refined into biofuels. The use of fossil fuels is essential for the functioning of the global economy, and the energy needed for domestic as well as industrial growth. Consequently, there is a growing concentration of atmospheric CO2, which is likely to have a significant impact on the climate of all parts of the world.

Moreover, since petroleum is a finite resource derived from ancient algae deposits, it will eventually become scarce or too expensive to recover. A variety of technologies have been explored as alternatives, and it appears that a combination of these strategies. These could potentially decrease our reliance on fossil fuels.

From 1978 to 1996, the U.S. Department of Energy funded a research project to develop renewable transportation fuels from high lipid-producing algae. Early research focused on identifying high lipid-yielding strains or detecting culture conditions, such as nutritional stress, to enhance lipid production. However, they found that high lipid production was always associated with lower biomass productivity, resulting in a lower overall lipid yield.

Subsequently, attention has shifted to cultivating conditions that promote both high biomass productivity and lipid content in the range of 20-30% (John S. et. al., 1998). Additionally, the algal feedstock is an optimal choice for bioethanol and biogas production due to its low lignin content. Thus, the current focus is on generating large amounts of algal biomass and utilizing it for cost-effective energy production, such as bioethanol, bio CNG (methane or biogas), and syngas. (Magar C. & Deodhar M. 2019)

Different fuel forms from Biofuels

Algal biofuel offers a potential alternative to conventional fossil fuels, due to its production process. By utilizing specific algae species, carbon dioxide can be converted into high carbohydrate, lipid, and hydrocarbon compositions. These compositions can then be used to produce ethanol, biodiesel, and renewable distillates. All of which are viable replacements for fossil fuels. Therefore, algal biofuel is an environmentally-friendly resource that can help reduce our dependence on non-renewable fuels.

  • Biodiesel – The lipid (oily) part of the algae biomass can be extracted and converted into biodiesel through a transesterification process akin to that used for other vegetable oils.
  • Biogas – It is produced as per the conventional ruminant dung-based method of biogas production in anaerobic digesters (AD). The steps involved are acid hydrolysis of algal biomass and then methanogenesis to produce methane with a low-cost biorefinery approach.
  • Bioethanol – Microalgae are rich in lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and other valuable compounds, making them ideal for bioethanol production. The carbohydrates in microalgal cells can be transformed into bioethanol through fermentation, which overcomes many of the limitations associated with conventional sources of starch. Additionally, since microalgal cells do not contain structural biopolymers such as hemicelluloses and lignin, bioethanol production is easier than with terrestrial plants.

Other Biofuel from Algae

  • Butanol can be produced from whole or processed algal biomass with the help of a solar-powered biorefinery. This fuel has an energy density that is 10% lower than that of gasoline, and higher than both methanol and ethanol. Further, Clostridia fermentation of macroalgae can produce butanol and other solvents. Additionally, it can be blended with gasoline to create a renewable fuel blend.
  • De-oiled biomass pyrolysis for crude oil production- The production of bio-oil and biochar through the pyrolysis of de-oiled cakes and seed cakes has been gaining attention. The study is a comprehensive analysis of investigations into the characterization of these materials. Also, the reactors and operating parameters employed were conducted. The kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of pyrolysis, the characterization of the resulting biochar, and its potential applications were also evaluated. Results showed that the average activation energy for pyrolysis of de-oiled cakes was between 98 and 162 kJ/mol. The findings suggest that biochar from de-oiled cakes has the potential for a range of emerging applications due to its high specific surface area and abundance of surface functional groups. Moreover, it was found that plasma and microwave-based reactors could be excellent options for further exploration.
  • Hydrogen – Biohydrogen is the hydrogen produced by living organisms such as algae, bacteria, and archaea. It can be extracted from both cultivated sources and waste organic materials and is primarily released during microbial fermentation processes. During this process, organic matter is broken down into carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Microalgae such as cyanobacteria and green algae can not only derive biohydrogen from their photosynthetic metabolism. But can also be used as feedstock for microbial dark fermentation to produce biohydrogen.

Benefits of Algal Biofuel

  • Bio-based fuel offers combustion that is carbon-neutral, meaning the amount of carbon dioxide released during combustion. The amount of CO2 absorbed by plants used to create fuel results in net-zero CO2 emissions.
  • Biofuel could be used alongside our existing fuel sources, providing an additional option to the fuels we currently use.
  • Biofuel can produce a variety of different by-products, which are similar to the hydrocarbons created from petroleum.
  • Biofuel is a crop that can be grown with a high level of efficiency, providing us with an alternative energy source. That can be used to power transportation and other machinery.
crop and oil content
Yield of various plant oils (Demirbas et al., 2010)

The project conducted by the US DOE (Department of Energy) for screening algal species lead to turn the research towards Biomass from algal oil

In 2010, biomass-derived fuels were identified as a potential solution to reduce the US nation’s dependence. The dependence was on imported oil and the associated economic and security risks. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) set a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requiring 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels. Such as advanced cellulosic biofuels and biomass-based diesel, to be sold in the U.S. by 2022. During that time along with many other biofuel options renewable Algae-based biofuels also emerged as a promising alternative. It could help the U.S. meet the EISA goals and move closer to energy independence (U.S. DOE 2010).

Since the termination of the DOE-supported Aquatic Species Program in 1996, the necessity for reducing U.S. reliance on foreign oil. And promoting environmental protection has generated a resurgence of interest in employing algae as a biofuel feedstock. The rising cost of petroleum has also contributed to this renewed enthusiasm for the development of algal feedstocks for biofuel production (U.S. DOE 2010, loc. cit.).

Well-known microalgal species for oil content and biofuel production

microalgal species for oil content
Oil contents of microalgae (Demirbas et al., 2010)

Microalgae include many microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that are capable of producing biomass much faster than terrestrial plants. Microalgae boast a lipid content of up to 50% in the form of triglyceride – the essential starting material for biodiesel production. With over 800,000 species, ranging from 1 to 50 µm in diameter, they offer a more efficient alternative to macroalgae. Microalgae such as brown algae, green seaweed, and red algae. Harvesting microalgae is an expensive step in process of biofuel production – accounting for up to 30% of the total cost. Transesterification is the reaction used to convert triglycerides into biodiesel. While thermochemical and biochemical processes are necessary to convert the entire biomass into biofuel. Microalgae can also be used to create multiple forms of biofuel, making them a versatile source of renewable energy.

Microalgae are divided into two main types- filamentous (Multicellular) and phytoplankton (unicellular). Three prominent families of microalgae have been identified, Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), and Chrysophyceae (golden algae), Cyanophyceae (Blue-Green Algae). To cultivate microalgae, open ponds, and photobioreactors are used. Open ponds are often less expensive and the most used method in developing countries, but it is vulnerable to contamination. To harvest microalgae, methods such as flocculation, flotation, gravity sedimentation, filtration, electrophoresis, and filtration are used.

Photobioreactors and open pond

Oil extraction from microalgae is a key step for biodiesel production- mechanical crushing, solvent extraction, pyrolysis, sonication, autoclaving, and microwaving are some of the methods used. The fatty acids produced from microalgae oil are mainly polyunsaturated and can be prone to oxidation. Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella protothecoides, Nannochloropsis sp., Nitzchia sp., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Schizochytrium sp., Scenedesmus obliques, and Neochloris oleabundans. These have been identified as good sources for biodiesel production based on quality composition and oil yield (Adewuyi, A. et al 2022).

Challenges in Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production

Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production
Algae Biofuel Production Process (Sivaramakrishnan R. et al 2022)
  • Algal biomass production requires a significant amount of water and land in order to be successful and yield a productive output.
  • Designing and constructing of algae cultivation system is a very complex and cost-intensive process.
  • Maintenance of some stringent environmental condition for high lipid-producing microalgae strain is very essential which make the production further expensive.
  • Contamination by other fastidious microorganisms and invaders, and algae grazers make mass-scale cultivation unrealistic.
  • Algal biofuel technology faces major challenges associated with efficient biomass harvesting and pre-treatment at low cost. And microalgae with reduced emissions of gases and high yields with scalable co-products.
  • Different products require different methods of pre-treatment; mechanical methods yield biodiesel while enzymatic and chemical methods (such as acidic hydrolysis). These are used for bioethanol production due to the need for the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch.

(Khan, M.I., Shin, J.H. & Kim, J.D. et al 2018).

Biorefinery concept to cope with existing issues for sustainable development in the field

The news from Bloomberg about Exxon’s retreat on algal biofuel funding to the Viridos facility in Calipatria. California is an example of multiple industrial failures that happened in the last century in the field of algae-based biofuels. Though the lab scale results and initial pilot trials always seem promising when it comes to the actual continuous production of high lipid-containing algal biomass the whole system fails. This required furthermore comprehensive research to understand the reasons behind the failures and financial crunches makes it impossible. 

The way to deal with this issue has already been proposed by many experts in the field of algal biotechnology. The concept of biorefinery is the perfect way for sustainable development in this field. The Biorefinery concept aims to provide an alternative solution to current economic, environmental, and social issues. The biorefinery is to integrate analysis of the three pillars of sustainability through a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). In order to ensure a “good” or “appropriated” conceptual design (Solarte-Toro, J. C., & Alzate, C. A. C. 2021).

This integrated analysis evaluates economic, environmental, and social impacts and benefits through the entire life cycle of the product. It considers the effects of one dimension on the other and covers the whole life cycle of products analyzed from different perspectives. The main users of the results of the LCSA are potential and future decision-makers, stakeholders, enterprises, and consumers. This process is intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of the product and its life cycle. Also, can be used as a tool for decision-making to create more sustainable products (Solarte-Toro, J. C., & Alzate, C. A. C. 2021 loc. cit.).

Conclusion:

Along with many other alternative conventional and non-conventional energy resources, the generation of algae-based biofuel is the need of the growing population and industrialization. Making fuel from algae is a tedious task particularly facing issues where the crucial step of technology transfer from lab to land is ceased and failed due to various obstacles. Making the whole technology self-sustainable is very important and the best way to do it is by biorefinery concept along with the generation of bio commodity options. This is especially done to generate the funding to support algae biofuel research and development.

Algae-based Biofuel is High Volume Low-Value product that will not survive until permanent and stable financial support is grown through High-Value Low Volume products of algae. Nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, health care, food, and feed from algae are revenue-generation options. Also, it will potentially support biofuel development from algae. Algae biofuel is definitely a potential option for energy in the future considering the potential of algal biomass and its growth rate but making it really is challenging. The ongoing research in the algae-based Biofuel field and large-scale trials will help to understand the future of this technology.       

References:

Rony, Z. I., Mofijur, M., Hasan, M. M., Ahmed, S. F., Almomani, F., Rasul, M. G., … & Mahlia, T. M. I. (2023). Unanswered issues on decarbonizing the aviation industry through the development of sustainable aviation fuel from microalgae. Fuel, 334, 126553.

John, S., Terri, D., John, B., Paul, R. (1998). A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program—Biodiesel from Algae, A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Operated by Midwest Research Institute Under Contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093.

Magar, Chaitanya & Deodhar, Manjushri, 2019, Construction of laboratory scale photobioreactor for sequestration of CO2 from industrial flue gases and utilizing biomass for biofuel production, Ph. D. Thesis, Dept. of Biotechnology, K.E.T.’s V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, University of Mumbai.

U.S. DOE 2010. National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program.

Adewuyi, A. Production of Biodiesel from Underutilized Algae Oil: Prospects and Current Challenges Encountered in Developing Countries. Biology 2022, 11, 1418.

Khan, M.I., Shin, J.H. & Kim, J.D. The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microb Cell Fact 17, 36 (2018).

Solarte-Toro, J. C., & Alzate, C. A. C. (2021). Biorefineries as the base for accomplishing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the transition to bioeconomy: Technical aspects, challenges, and perspectives. Bioresource Technology, 340, 125626.

Demirbas, A., and Demirbas, M.F. “Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel.” “Energy Conversion and Management.” 2011. 52:163-170.

Sivaramakrishnan R, Suresh S, Kanwal S, Ramadoss G, Ramprakash B, Incharoensakdi A. Microalgal Biorefinery Concepts’ Developments for Biofuel and Bioproducts: Current Perspective and Bottlenecks. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2623.

Another Biofuel Blog Article

biofuel Biofuel

Biofuel: Fuel of the Future

  • January 28, 2023January 28, 2023
  • by everflow

Biofuel is a renewable energy source that is made from organic materials such as agricultural waste, wood, or biogas. And, is often used as a replacement for fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel, due to its low environmental impact. Biofuel is also known as second-generation biofuel, as it is derived from processed bio-based products such as bio-diesel or bio-ethanol. Biofuel is currently used in a variety of ways, including transportation, heating, and industrial processes. In this post, we will discuss the different types of biofuel; the extent of production and use, and the environmental impact of biofuel. Biofuel production is growing rapidly as a way to reduce environmental impact and improve energy security. Biofuel can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and it can play a role in addressing global climate change.

biofuel

Generations of Biofuel

Depending upon the type of biomass feedstock utilized for biofuel production generation of biofuels changes.

First generation: Biofuel was made from food crops, which have always been debated as crops for food or fuel. This generation of biofuel was never found to be sustainable and was not very practical. Today, we have more affordable and practical biofuels made from different types of plants.

Second generation: Biofuel is made from plant materials that are not food crops. This type of biofuel is called cellulosic biofuel or second generation of biofuels. The biomass feedstock utilized here is mostly agricultural residues, grasses, or other plants. Using chemical and enzymatic biomass degradation technologies, this agricultural residue is digested to produce mono-sugars. In subsequent stages of fermentation technology, these mono sugars are utilized by fungal and yeast species to produce bioethanol. Apart from this, all fresh biodegradable biomass is also utilized to produce biomethane called biogas by anaerobic fermentation technology. Further, this gas is purified to generate pure grade (>95) methane called Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which has practical applications as automobile fuels and is also used in domestic applications and also to produce electricity.

Third generation: The third generation of biofuels is a futuristic avenue of biofuel industries. This includes the use of advanced fermentation technologies where microbial cells that are genetically modified will produce biofuels in the fermentation broth. This broth can be easily processed to recover produced biofuel and will be ready to use for its final utility. Examples of such technology include the use of photosynthetic microalgae and dinoflagellate species that have the potential to produce fatty acids that can be easily transesterified to produce biodiesel.

Examples of Basic Biofuel

Types of biofuel: bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas.

Bioethanol is made from biological sources, such as corn, sugar cane, or wheat. The processes used to produce ethanol are enzymatic digestion (to release sugars from stored starch), fermentation of sugars, distillation, and drying. The distillation process inputs a large amount of energy for heat.

bioethanol

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel, when mixed with mineral diesel, can be used in all diesel engines and modified equipment. It can also be used in diesel engines in its pure form (B100), but this can lead to winter maintenance and performance problems as the fuel is slightly viscous at low temperatures, depending on the raw materials used.

biodiesel

Biogas is made from organic waste, such as food scraps, manure, and sewage. Biogas is primarily composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may contain small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), water, and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be burned or oxidized with oxygen. This release of energy allows biogas to be used as fuel. It can be used for any heating application such as fuel cell or cooking. It can also be used in gas engines to convert gas energy into electricity and heat.

biogas

Examples of extended categories of Biofuel from basic ingredients:

This category of biofuels involves the use of basic biofuel/biochemical produced from biological origin to convert into modified fuels as suitable blending formulations with conventional fossil fuels. These products can be used even as an individual fuel with necessary modifications in the existing automobile engine technology. Following some examples of extended categories of biofuels will give an idea about biofuels in conventional fuels.

Syngas

Syngas is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sometimes other trace gases. This is produced through the gasification of biomass, and can also be produced from hydrogen and carbon dioxide through electrolysis. It is used as a substitute for natural gas and petroleum and is often used in the production of industrial chemicals, and synthetic fuels. Syngas can also be used to generate electricity via a gas turbine or fuel cell. Syngas has several advantages over other fuel sources. It is very efficient and produces fewer emissions than traditional fossil fuels, and produces fewer pollutants than natural gas.

syngas

Pyrolysis of biomass produces oil:

Pyrolysis of biomass is a fast and efficient way of producing oil. In this process, biomass such as wood, grass, and agricultural wastes are heated in the absence of oxygen under very high pressure, breaking them down into smaller molecules. This process results in the production of volatile gas and two liquid fuels, namely, light oil and heavier, more viscous oil. The oil produced is similar to diesel fuel and can be used in engines, furnaces, and boilers. It is also an important source of renewable energy and can be used to produce biofuels, such as biodiesel. Pyrolysis of biomass is an important process that can help reduce the production of greenhouse gases, as it does not involve burning fossil fuels, and the by-products can be used to produce renewable energy.

pyrolysis plant

Hydrogen:

Hydrogen biofuel is a clean-burning fuel that produces no harmful emissions when burned. It is considered to be the ultimate renewable energy source since it can be produced from water with the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric.

The process utilized and researched in hydrogen production is: Hydrogen production using solar cells is the process of using solar energy to generate hydrogen from water. This process is known as water splitting, and it involves separating hydrogen from oxygen in water molecules.

The alternative approach also utilizes methane gas for hydrogen production which is typically achieved through a process known as steam methane reforming (SMR). This process involves the reaction of methane (CH4) with high-temperature steam (H2O) over a catalyst, usually, nickel, to produce hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The chemical reaction can be expressed as follows:

CH4 + H2O → CO2 + 3H2

Hydrogen can be used to power a variety of vehicles, from passenger cars to buses, trains, and boats. Also, be used to produce electricity in a variety of ways, such as through fuel cells, thermochemical processes, and electrolysis. Hydrogen biofuel has a higher energy density than other biofuels, making it a very efficient source of energy. It can be used in existing internal combustion engines without any modifications, making it a great option for transportation. It is also a great option for powering stationary applications such as generators and stationary power plants. Hydrogen biofuel has the potential to revolutionize the way we power our vehicles and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.

Bioether:

Bioethers are an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-based ethers. They provide octane-enhancing properties while reducing engine wear and emissions of air pollutants. Bioethers are produced from renewable sources like wheat or sugar beets and are becoming increasingly popular in Europe, while the U.S. is phasing out the use of MTBE and ETBE as fuel oxygenates. Bioethers are not likely to become a fuel in and of themselves due to their low energy density, but their contributions to the reduction of ground-level ozone emissions make them an essential part of the transportation fuel landscape.

Biogasolin:

Biogasoline, also known as green gasoline, is a renewable biofuel made from plant sugars and other non-food materials. Biogasoline is produced using biotechnology processes that allow the conversion of glucose from plants or other non-food sources into hydrocarbons that are chemically and structurally identical to those found in commercial gasoline. Professor Lee Sang-yup and his team made use of modified Escherichia coli bacteria to produce the biogasoline, demonstrating the potential for bio gasoline to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and make use of renewable sources of energy. The biogasoline produced in this study has the same energy density as commercial gasoline and can be used as a direct fuel substitute. Biogasoline is a promising renewable fuel that could help to combat climate change (Jang, Y. S. et al. 2012).

biogasolin

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE):

MTBE is manufactured by the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene. Methanol is primarily derived from natural gas, where steam reforming converts the various light hydrocarbons in natural gas (primarily methane) into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gases then further react in the presence of a catalyst to form methanol. Isobutylene can be produced through a variety of methods. One process involves the isomerization of n-butane into isobutane, which then undergoes dehydrogenation to form isobutylene. In the Halcon process, t-Butylhydroperoxide derived from isobutane oxygenation is reacted with propylene to produce propylene oxide and t-butanol. The t-butanol can be dehydrated to isobutylene.

On blending with petroleum, MTBE increases octane and oxygen levels in gasoline and reduces pollution emissions. Because of concerns about groundwater contamination and water quality, MTBE has now been banned or restricted in several countries. MTBE is also used in small amounts as a laboratory solvent and for some medical applications.

Positive Impact of Biofuel on the Environment, Society, and Economy

Environmental: Biofuels are carbon-free fuels derived from organic and renewable resources. They do not create pollution on combustion, which will help to reduce the climate change effect if implemented on a larger scale. Even with existing fossil fuels appropriate blending of biofuels has proved to be exerting positive environmental impacts.

Social: Biofuel technology will help to develop indigenous business models for the production of its own renewable fuel depending upon the resources available in each country. This will also help to reduce the reliance on the foreign supplier for the fuels. This will help to boost the economy of the individual countries by promoting export, business development, employment, and good transportation systems with novel biofuel resources.

Economic: Worldwide production of fossil fuels is reducing due to their limited resources. This is increasing the cost of fuel day by day. Biofuel substitution in fossil fuels will help to curtail a large number of economic losses. Biofuels will help to develop alternative energy sources along with sustainable development.

impact of biofuel

Conclusion:

The exhausting conventional energy resources have also developed environmental concerns. In the last few decades, the need for clean energy resources has received the necessary importance to tackle the issue of climate change. Non-conventional energy resources like tidal, wind power, solar, hydro, and geothermal are some of the best sources for renewable energy generation but lacking technological interventions make this task difficult. Biofuels would prove to be the best alternative sources of energy for the future. They are absolutely renewable, non-polluting, and possibly cheaper than fossil fuels and they have many benefits in long run. Therefore, biofuels are now considered a fuel of the future. The next few decades will decide the fate of these energy sources depending upon their development and implementation. 

References:

Jang, Y. S., Park, J. M., Choi, S., Choi, Y. J., Cho, J. H., & Lee, S. Y. (2012). Engineering of microorganisms for the production of biofuels and perspectives based on systems metabolic engineering approaches. Biotechnology advances, 30(5), 989-1000.

algae AlgaeFeed and Bio Fertilizers

Algae For the Future of Food and Nutritional Security

  • January 23, 2023February 2, 2023
  • by everflow

We’ve all heard of the power of superfoods, and now it’s time to add algae to the list. From being a source of nutrition for animals and plants to being a viable food source for humans, algae are also quickly becoming a major part of our diets. Whether you’re a foodie or a health enthusiast, it’s time to get familiar with this incredible superfood.

algae

The Past, Present, and Future of Algae Food

Algae have been around for millions of years, and they have been used to provide food for centuries and are now explored for biofuels and medicines. In the past, they were often consumed by coastal populations. Some cultures still rely on it as a key part of their diets. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in algae as a food source. This is due to the fact that they are incredibly nutritious and contain a wealth of beneficial nutrients.

Now, algae are becoming more and more popular in the mainstream. They are also being used as a supplement, a food source, and in a variety of other products. There are now many types of edible algae, such as spirulina, chlorella, and blue-green algae. All of these types of algae offer a range of health benefits and are becoming increasingly popular with health-conscious individuals.

Looking to the future, algae are likely to become an even more important part of our diets. In addition to being used as a food source, they are also being used as an ingredient in a range of products. Algae are being used to create healthy, sustainable, and nutritious food products. This includes plant-based proteins, which are made from algae, as well as omega-3 fatty acid supplements, which are derived from algae.

Seaweed/Macroalgae are in the Mainstream of Modern Living

Different seaweed species are the most widely consumed types of algae. They are often used in Asian cuisine and are becoming increasingly popular in the West. Seaweeds are packed with vitamins and minerals, including iodine, iron, and calcium. They have a unique, umami flavor that has made them popular among meat lovers.

In addition to being used in food, seaweed is now being used in a variety of products. For example, it is being used as a natural dye in cosmetics, and as a base for many health products. It is also being used as a thickener in foods as it contains different types of polysaccharides. Macroalgae are an incredibly versatile category of primary producers and have a variety of potential uses.

What evidence will convince you to eat seaweed?

seaweed

Numerous authorities in the fields of diet and nutrition agree that seaweed has a lot of nutrition for sustaining life. According to them, these underwater plants can significantly alter the way humans consume food. And, Experts have been lauding macroalgae for quite some time, and they have been getting attention from the media.

When you look into the benefits of consuming seaweed, you will find that the list is quite long. Besides, it is important to know that seaweed contains vitamins, minerals, iodine, calcium, antioxidants, and many more. Research reveals that the substances in these organisms can be used to treat specific ailments. These benefits will definitely prove that microalgae will also have a very essential role in food security in the future.

• Colon cancer/colorectal cancer

These are amongst the most prevalent medical conditions, and their occurrence is on the rise, thus raising alarms. Fortunately, Fucoidan, a compound found in brown seaweed, can give protection against this particular illness. Numerous studies have been conducted and the findings showed that Fucoidan can impede the growth of colon cancer and breast cancer (Moussavou, G., et al. 2014,). The research work conducted by González-Ballesteros, N. et al. 2019, has also stated that Gold and Silver nanoparticles produced with Ulva lactuca extracts have significant effects on triggering apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2).

• Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a problem confronting millions of people. The good news is that consuming specific macroalgae has been shown to be an effective remedy for this issue. Scientific evidence also proved that oral consumption of macroalgal extracts or even consumption of whole macroalgae triggers insulin production, and regulates the digestion to absorption of sugars. Controlling insulin resistance can also be done through diet and having it as part of the meal plan is enough (Calderwood, D., et al. 2021, Zhao, C., et al. 2018, Lin, G., et al. 2018).

• Blood Pressure:

Algae are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and even a tiny amount of omega-3 can have a positive impact when it comes to blood pressure. More specifically, the content of omega-3 has the ability to reduce blood pressure, thereby enhancing healthy heart function. Macroalgae contain essential health supplements that can improve the health of an individual on regular consumption. As scientific communities are exploring microalgae as a source of essential nutrients, they are studying all positive and unexplored aspects of this approach (Rocha, C. P., 2021, Seca, A. M., & Pinto, D. C. 2018, Ayatollahi, S. A., et al. 2022).

Algae will be used for the Production of Ingredients

Algae are being used in many different ways, but one of the most interesting is their use in the production of ingredients. So, these are incredibly nutrient-dense sources of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. This makes them an ideal source for the production of ingredients for food and health products.

Algae proteins are becoming increasingly popular, as they are a sustainable, plant-based source of protein. These are also being used to create omega-3 fatty acid supplements, which are beneficial for heart health. In addition, these are also being used in the production of vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional supplements.

How to Include Algae in Every Course of Your Meal

algae meal course

Algae are incredibly versatile and can be used in a variety of recipes. Also, here are a few ideas for how to include algae in every course of your meal:

  • Breakfast: Start your day with a healthy smoothie that includes blue spirulina benefits. You can also add chlorella or spirulina to your morning oatmeal.
  • Lunch: Make a seaweed salad or wrap it with a variety of seaweed varieties.
  • Dinner: Add a few spoonfuls of spirulina or chlorella to your favorite soup or stir-fry.
  • Snacks: Make your own seaweed chips or crackers by baking strips of seaweed in the oven.
  • Dessert: Make a healthy chia pudding topped with spirulina or chlorella powder.

Furthermore, Algae are an incredibly versatile superfood and can be used in a variety of dishes. If you’re looking for a way to get more nutrition in your diet, then algae are an ideal choice. Not only are they packed with beneficial nutrients, but they also offer a range of delicious possibilities.

Conclusion

Moreover, Algae are an incredible superfood that can provide a range of benefits to your health. From being a source of nutrition for animals and plants to being a viable food source for humans, algae are quickly becoming a major part of our diets. Whether you’re a foodie or a health enthusiast, it’s time to get familiar with this incredible superfood. Finally, with the array of health benefits associated with blue spirulina benefits, blue-green algae benefits, algae supplement, chlorophyll vs chlorella, microalgae, blue-green algae spirulina, eating algae, is edible, nutrients, microalgae supplement, bloom superfood incorporating it into your daily diet is a must.

References

Moussavou, G., Kwak, D. H., Obiang-Obonou, B. W., Ogandaga Maranguy, C. A., Dinzouna-Boutamba, S. D., Lee, D. H., … & Choo, Y. K. (2014). Anticancer effects of different seaweeds on human colon and breast cancers. Marine drugs, 12(9), 4898-4911.

González-Ballesteros, N., Rodríguez-Argüelles, M. C., Prado-López, S., Lastra, M., Grimaldi, M., Cavazza, A., … & Bigi, F. (2019). Macroalgae to nanoparticles: Study Ulva lactuca L.’s role in biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and of their cytotoxicity colon cancer cell lines. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 97, 498-509.

Calderwood, D., Rafferty, E., Fitzgerald, C., Stoilova, V., Wylie, A., Gilmore, B. F., … & Green, B. D. (2021). Profiling the activity of edible European macroalgae towards pharmacological targets for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Applied Phycology, 2(1), 10-21.

Zhao, C., Yang, C., Liu, B., Lin, L., Sarker, S. D., Nahar, L.. & Xiao, J. (2018). Bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae and their hypoglycemic benefits. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 72, 1-12.

Lin, G., Liu, X., Yan, X., Liu, D., Yang, C., Liu, B., … & Zhao, C. (2018). Role of green macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera polyphenols in the modulation of gene expression and intestinal microflora profiles in type 2 diabetic mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(1), 25.

Rocha, C. P., Pacheco, D., Cotas, J., Marques, J. C., Pereira, L., & Gonçalves, A. M. (2021). Seaweeds as valuable sources of essential fatty acids for human nutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4968.

Seca, A. M., & Pinto, D. C. (2018). Overview on the antihypertensive and anti-obesity effects of secondary metabolites from seaweeds. Marine drugs, 16(7), 237.

Ayatollahi, S. A., Asgary, S., Ghanbari, F., Karimi, R., Kobarfard, F., Sarfaraz, S., … & Pour, P. M. (2022). Quantifying the Impact of Algae Supplement on Blood Pressure: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Current Problems in Cardiology, 101336.

bioremediation Bio Remediation/ Phycoremediation

Bioremediation Technology

  • January 21, 2023January 21, 2023
  • by everflow

Bioremediation technology utilizes the natural capabilities of living organisms such as plants, microbes, algae, and fungi to remove or degrade contaminants from the environment. This technology is gaining wide acceptance due to its potential to reduce anthropogenic pollutants and toxins from various environmental components. The technology can be applied in both in-situ and ex-situ conditions. Different biotechnological and genetic engineering strategies have been employed to improve the efficacy of this technique for the complete degradation of pollutants. Microbes and plants are used to achieve maximum removal of inorganic and organic contaminants. The process also enhances the potential of both plants and microbes for the successful remediation of one or more pollutants. The technology can be used to clean up contaminated sites, reduce the risk of health problems associated with pollution and ultimately improve the quality of the environment.

Bioremediation:

bioremediation

Bioremediation technology is primarily based on metabolic activities of microorganisms such as microbial degradation of organic pollutants, biosorption, binding of ions, molecules of pollutants, and transformation of pollutants to less toxic forms. In this technique, microbes, microalgae, fungi, plants, and enzymes are used to reduce the concentration of pollutants. Among the microbial species, bacteria, algae, yeasts, fungi, and actinomycetes are most commonly used in bioremediation processes. These microorganisms possess diverse metabolic capabilities and can degrade a wide variety of pollutants. In addition, certain plant species are also used to absorb pollutants from the environment and subsequently degrade them. The metabolic activities of microorganisms and plants are enhanced by the addition of various nutrients, enzymes, and other components. The bioremediation technology is also used to clean up spilled oil, reduce heavy metal contamination and treat wastewater. The bioremediation process is usually monitored by measuring the concentration of pollutants at regular intervals.

Categories of Bioremediation:

In Situ Bioremediation:

In situ bioremediation is a process that uses natural or engineered microorganisms to degrade, transform, or immobilize environmental pollutants in contaminated soil or groundwater. It is one of the most widely used methods of environmental remediation and treating a variety of contaminants. It includes petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy metals.
In situ bioremediation involves the introduction of microorganisms into the subsurface environment, where they are able to degrade or transform contaminants. This process can be or by stimulating the indigenous microorganisms in the contaminated area. In either case, the microorganisms are typically stimulated by the addition of nutrients and/or oxygen to the subsurface environment.

In Situ Bioremediation techniques

Bioventing:
bioventing

Bioventing is an effective and efficient way to remediate contaminated soil. It has been used successfully to treat hydrocarbons, perchlorate, explosives, and propellants. Bioventing is most suitable for sites with low to moderate levels of contamination and is typically used in conjunction with other methods of remediation such as pump and treat systems or soil vapor extraction. The process can also be used to treat complex contaminants, including petroleum hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and phenols. Once the oxygen is introduced into the subsurface, bioventing can be used to stimulate the growth of naturally occurring microorganisms that degrade the target contaminants. Generally, bioventing is used to treat non-aqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and petroleum products. But it can also be used to treat aqueous-phase contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and explosives.

Biostimulation:
biostimulation

Biostimulation has been used to reduce the toxicity of pollutants in contaminated soil, groundwater, and sediment. A variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have been used to promote the biodegradation of pollutants. Biostimulation is more effective when the pollutant is not very toxic and the environment is conducive to the growth of microorganisms. Biostimulation can be used to degrade persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chlorinated solvents, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The addition of nitrogen and phosphorus can enhance the biodegradation of these pollutants by stimulating the growth of indigenous microorganisms. Biostimulation may also reduce the toxicity of pollutants by increasing the biodegradation rate of the pollutant. Thus, reducing the concentration of pollutants in the environment.

Bioattenuation:

Bioattenuation is a process by which contaminants are reduced in mass, toxicity, volume, or concentration. This can be done through a variety of means, including aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, sorption, volatilization, and chemical or biological stabilization. Bioattenuation is often used on sites where other remedial techniques are not applicable, or where concentrations of contaminants are low.

Biosparging:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be a major problem for groundwater quality. Biosparging is an effective way to remove them. Biosparging works by injecting air into the aquifer below the zone of contamination. This oxygenates the aquifer and stimulates indigenous bacteria to degrade the VOCs. This process is relatively simple and can be quite effective in cleaning up groundwater contamination.

Ex Situ Bioremediation:

Ex-situ bioremediation is a biological process in which soil is excavated and placed in a lined above-ground treatment area. Where it is aerated to enhance the degradation of organic contaminants by the indigenous microbial population. This process is used to clean up contaminated sites, impacted by oil spills, hazardous waste, and agricultural chemicals.

Ex situ Bioremediation techniques:

Biopiles:
biopile

Biopile-mediated bioremediation is an effective way to clean up polluted soil. By excavating the soil and piling it above ground, and treatment bed is also created that is well-aerated and irrigated. This will encourage microbial activity and help to break down pollutants. The addition of nutrients to the soil may also be conducted to help speed up the process. Finally, a leachate collection system can be used to collect and treat any water that leaches from the soil.

Windrows:

Windrows can be used for bioremediation of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, such as oil spills and refinery waste. Other contaminants include pesticides, heavy metals, and other persistent organic pollutants. The microbes in the windrows degrade the pollutants through oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. The pollutants are converted into harmless end products, such as carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. Moreover, windrows can also reduce odors associated with contaminated soils.

Landfarming:
landfarming

Landfarming is a process through which pollutants are degraded in soil by manipulating its physical conditions. This is usually done by tilling or plowing the soil to create favorable conditions for microbial growth, which in turn would degrade the pollutants. The process of landfarming also includes the addition of certain amendments like organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorous to stimulate microbial growth and enhance the pollutant degradation process. Land farming can also be used to treat a wide range of pollutants, including hydrocarbons, pesticides, dioxins, and metals.
• The main advantage of land farming is that it is a cost-effective and relatively low-tech technique. Also, making it is suitable for small-scale operations. Furthermore, landfarming offers the possibility to treat a wide range of pollutants at the same time. It is not possible with other bioremediation techniques. Finally, landfarming can be used in a variety of soil types, including clay, loam, and sandy soils.
• However, landfarming also has some drawbacks. For instance, it is a slow process, and it can be difficult to monitor the process and determine the degree of pollutant removal from the soil. Furthermore, landfarming is not suitable for treating pollutants with high concentrations. It may result in the redistribution of pollutants in the soil. Finally, landfarming can cause the release of pollutants into the air and water, which may result in environmental pollution.

Bioreactor:
bioreactor

A bioreactor is used to break down organic matter, reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), and reduce suspended solids to levels deemed safe for discharge. Bioreactors also have applications in the biodegradation of pollutants, where the bioreactor is used to treat contaminated soils by bioremediation.
Bioreactors are also used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, enzymes, and other products. They are designed to provide optimal conditions for the growth of microorganisms. And to control the process parameters (such as temperature, pH, nutrient supply, and oxygen supply) to yield the desired product.

Types of Bioremediation:

This is the classified basis on the type of microorganisms of living species used for bioremediation purposes.

Microbial Remediation

Microbial remediation is a form of bioremediation that utilizes microorganisms to transform, degrade, or remove contaminants from an environment. This process can occur naturally in the environment or be enhanced through the introduction of additional organisms or even nutrients.

Organic pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are among the most common pollutants found in soil and groundwater. Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, in the presence of suitable environmental conditions and nutrients, break down the pollutants into less toxic compounds. For example, Pseudomonas bacterial strains have been shown to efficiently degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. While Trichoderma harzianum fungal species have been used to degrade PCBs and PAHs. In addition, various other species of bacteria and fungi have been successfully used for the bioremediation of organic pollutants.

Inorganic pollutants, such as heavy metals, are also of major environmental concern. Microorganisms can be used to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals and reduce their toxicity. This can be achieved either directly, by binding the metal ions, or indirectly, by creating a complexing agent which reduces the metal’s solubility. In addition, some microorganisms are capable of transforming the metal ions into less toxic forms. For example, a consortium of bacteria, including Pseudomonas fluorescens, has been shown to efficiently reduce the bioavailability of lead ions. Microalgal species like Chlorella sorokiniana and Diatoms and some cyanobacterial species are scientifically proven to have bioremediation activity on many water-soluble pollutants. Moreover, blue-green algae like Rivularia and Phormidium species are rather the best biological indicators of pollution levels in the environment. (Mateo, P. et al. 2015)

Phytoremediation

phytoremediation

Phytoremediation has several advantages over more traditional methods of environmental remediation such as incineration and landfills. It is relatively inexpensive, safe, and efficient. Additionally, it can be used in a wide range of environmental conditions and can be implemented rapidly. Furthermore, the process is relatively self-sustaining and can be used in areas where it may be difficult or impossible to use other methods.

The most common techniques used in phytoremediation include phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, and rhizofiltration. Phytoextraction involves the use of plants to extract metals from soils, sediments, and other matrices. These plants accumulate the metals in their tissues and can be harvested for removal and disposal. Phytodegradation involves the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants. This is accomplished through a process known as biotransformation, in which the organisms transform the contaminants into less toxic or non-toxic forms. Phytostabilization involves the use of plants to immobilize or reduce the bioavailability of metals and other contaminants in soils and sediments. Finally, rhizofiltration involves the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to remove contaminants from water, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants.

Phytoremediation may be applied to polluted soil or static water environment. This technology has been increasingly investigated and employed at sites with soils contaminated heavy metals like with cadmium, lead, aluminum, arsenic, and antimony. Many plants such as mustard plants, alpine pennycress, hemp, and pigweed have proven to be successful at hyper-accumulating contaminants at toxic waste sites. Not all plants are able to accumulate heavy metals or organic pollutants due to differences in the physiology of the plant.

Phycoremediation

phycoremediation

Phycoremediation is a type of bioremediation process that uses algae and seaweed to clean up pollutants from a contaminated environment. In this process algae and seaweed help to naturally clean up pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic pollutants, from a contaminated environment. Algae and seaweed are naturally efficient at absorbing a wide range of pollutants and heavy metals.

The phycoremediation process begins with the selection of a suitable site for the algae or seaweed to be placed. The chosen site should have the right amount of light and nutrients, where either algae or seaweed or both are placed and allowed to grow. As the algae or seaweed grows, it absorbs the pollutants and heavy metals from the environment. The pollutants are then metabolized and converted into harmless compounds, which are then released back into the environment.

This process has been used to successfully remove heavy metals, such as lead, chromium, mercury, and arsenic, as well as organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, from contaminated sites. Phycoremediation has been used to clean up polluted rivers, lakes, and oceans, as well as contaminated soils and sediments. In addition, it has also been used to treat wastewater from industrial and municipal sources.

The process of phycoremediation is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. It is a much cheaper and faster method than other conventional remediation processes. Additionally, it does not produce any hazardous chemicals, so it does not contribute to air or water pollution. Phycoremediation is a viable option for cleaning up contaminated environments, and it has been successfully used in many locations around the world.

Mycoremediation

Mycoremediation is a form and a process of using organisms such as fungi, particularly white rot fungus like Phanerochaete chrysosporium, to degrade a multitude of persistent or toxic environmental contaminants. It has several advantages over other remediation methods including low cost, low energy requirement, minimal impact on the environment, and the potential for on-site treatment (Sylvestre et al. 2009). It is attractive for contaminated sites where the cost of excavating and disposing of the contaminated soil is prohibitively high. Mycoremediation is also attractive for sites with groundwater contamination, as the fungi can penetrate deep into the soils and contaminate the groundwater.

Conclusion:

In the current world scenario, bioremediation is being increasingly used to clean up contaminated sites. It is a cost-effective and environment-friendly way of dealing with pollution, as it uses natural organisms to break down hazardous materials. In recent years due to the scarcity of water resources and global warming government agencies are stressing policies for the reuse and reclamation of wastewater has promoted phycoremediation technology for wastewater treatment.

Algae and seaweed are being used extensively in bioremediation and phycoremediation processes, as they are capable of removing toxins and pollutants from the environment. Algae can absorb large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and can uptake heavy metals, such as arsenic and lead, from the environment. Seaweed is an important component of ocean ecosystems and is capable of sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Algae are also known to utilize double the concentration of carbon dioxide for their biomass production as compared to terrestrial plants.

With advancements in bioremediation technologies and with emerging needs for these solutions in the world. Bioremediation is new hope for land, water resources, pollution control, and climate change.

References:

Sylvestre M., Macek T, Mackova M (2009) transgenic plants to improve rhizoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Curr Opin Biotechnol 20: 242–247

Mateo, P., Leganés, F., Perona, E., Loza, V., & Fernández-Piñas, F. (2015). Cyanobacteria as bioindicators and bioreporters of environmental analysis in aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(4), 909-948.

wastewater Wastewater Treatment

Challenges of Wastewater Treatment at STP/ETP Plant

  • January 11, 2023January 11, 2023
  • by everflow

There are a number of issues in wastewater treatment plants, that are associated with the operational challenges to regulatory compliance issues. In order to address these problems, it is important to understand what they are and how they are impacting the plant. The below-given list is of some of the important challenges associated with wastewater treatment plants.

  • Exceeding the prescribed discharge limits of physicochemical parameters
  • Energy consumption
  • Sludge production
  • Environmental footprints
  • Issues under STP/ETP management
    1. Shortage of resources/technology/field experts
    2. Fragmentation of operation (inappropriate data recording)
    3. Lack of real-time monitoring for precise output of the system
  • Seasonal variation
  • Microbial concentration/inoculum
  • Algal bloom

A. Exceeding the prescribed discharge limits of physicochemical parameters

Excess levels of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. These are the most common pollutants that are caused by exceeding the prescribed limits. These pollutants can lead to a decrease in the water quality of the treated water. And increase the amount of treatment necessary to meet the prescribed limits.

Suspended Solids:

Suspended solids are solid particles, such as dirt, debris, and other organic matter, that are suspended in the wastewater. These solids clog filters and pumps, as well as reduce the efficiency of the treatment process. Excessive amounts of suspended solids can also lead to the release of hazardous substances into the environment.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen that microorganisms require to completely break down organic matter in wastewater. If the BOD level is too high, it can disrupt the natural oxygen balance of the aquatic environment. High BOD wastewater is also highly contagious as it contains a high count of pathogenic microorganisms in its heavy load of organic waste. This can even lead to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms.

Mineral and Nutrients:

Chemical contaminants such as Nitrogen, Ammonia, Chlorine, Potassium, Trace metal nutrients, and Phosphorus. These can cause excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants in receiving water bodies. Excess nutrients can also lead to eutrophication, where a body of water becomes oversaturated with nutrients. It can cause a decrease in water quality. This leads to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels, and the death of aquatic life.

Oil and Grease in ETP:

Oil and grease are both hydrophobic substances that can interfere with the performance of the plant. This is processed by blocking the flow of wastewater and causing anaerobic conditions. FOG-related blockages (due to foul odors and excess growth of bacteria) can result in sewer overflows due to reduced capacity or burst drains and sewer pipes.

Colorants and heavy and toxic metal ions from Metal industries:  

Metals like Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), mercury, and Zinc (Zn). These metals come from textile, chemical industries, and other processes where metals are used as catalysts for oxidants. These are capable of causing severe health issues.

Emerging Contaminants:  

A wide range of unregulated chemicals of synthetic origin or derived from natural sources, which may be a contender for future regulations are called Emerging Contaminants (ECs) (Xenobiotic, Pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products). The concentration of ECs ranges from ng/L to μg/L, which is comparatively smaller than other pollutants present in water and wastewater. Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) or pharmaceutical contaminants (PCs) are one of the major groups of ECs which can cause inimical effects on living organisms even at very lower concentrations.

B. Energy Consumption:

Wastewater treatment plants consume large amounts of energy, estimated at between 1% and 3% of global energy output. And therefore, energy consumption is one of the prime problems in wastewater treatment plants. The main reasons are increasing energy costs, growing concern over climate change, and shrinking wastewater production resources. Energy-inefficient wastewater treatment processes lead to higher emissions of CO2 and other pollutants, which in turn pose serious environmental threats.

To reduce their energy bill, many wastewater treatment plants have started investing in new technologies. Also, retrofitting older facilities with more efficient systems. Some strategies include: using thermal conditioning instead of boiling; integrating MSW sludge digestion into existing biogas systems. And, increasing the use of containerized technologies such as activated carbon filters. However, even these measures will not be sufficient if plant operators don’t pay close attention to energy usage throughout the entire process chain from extraction to discharge, including grid energy usage as well as fuel and electricity costs.

One way to achieve significant reductions in sewage treatment plant energy demands would be to find ways to treat effluents more effectively. For example, optimizing process operation could result in significant reductions in wastewater temperature, which would reduce energy requirements for cooling systems. In addition, optimizing operations could also lead to reductions in drying time and emissions from organic solids disposal facilities.

C. Sludge Production

Sludge is the solid or semi-solid matter that settles to the bottom of a wastewater treatment facility. It can be a major problem for wastewater treatment plants. Because it often contains high levels of bacteria and other microorganisms.

The problem with sludge protection is that it can lead to serious issues such as clogging (leads to sewage overflow) pipes, damaging equipment, and releasing toxins into the environment. The production of sludge can be attributed to several factors such as high organic loading rates, low aeration rates, and high pH levels.

D. Environmental Footprints

environment footprints

Though wastewater treatment plants are made to restrict the pollution of environmental resources. They can lead to creating more hazardous effects on the environment if mismanaged. It has been studied and found that unregulated WTPs operations contribute to pollution in the environment through their own waste (Kumar et al., 2017). These plants release nearly 40% of their chemical emissions into the air and another 40% into surface water (Kumar et al., 2017 loc. cit.). This means that there are two ways that these plants are contributing to environmental pollution. That is through their own waste or through emissions released by them into surface water or air.

Environmental pollution due to emerging pollutants and modified pollutants at CETP plants realizing toxins, carcinogenic, mutagenic pollutants in nature. CETP effluent usually contains a wide range of pollutants including both emerging and modified pollutants. Emerging pollutants are substances that have only recently been identified as being harmful to the environment. As such, there is little to no regulation on these substances. Modified pollutants, on the other hand, are substances that have been altered by human activity. This can include everything from pesticides to pharmaceuticals. Both of these types of pollutants can be extremely harmful to the environment. Also, they are often found in high concentrations of CETP effluent. This has led to the degradation of water quality and has created serious health hazards for human beings as well as animals. This also causes a loss of biodiversity and ecological imbalance in the ecosystem.

E. Issues under STP/ETP Management

Shortage of Resources/Technology/Field Experts

The wastewater treatment plant is a critical component of wastewater management, responsible for the safe and efficient disposal of liquid waste. Unfortunately, many wastewater treatment plants are facing a major problem of inadequate resources, technology, and field experts to efficiently manage their operations. This shortage of resources is a major cause of concern for wastewater treatment plant operators, as it limits their ability to meet environmental standards and safeguard public health.

Funding

One of the primary causes of the resource shortage is the lack of available funding. Due to their relatively low operating costs, wastewater treatment plants are often overlooked when it comes to budget allocation. This means that the necessary resources, technology, and expertise are not available to the operators, resulting in a sub-standard level of operations.

Need for advanced Technology

There are some technologies to improve the shortage of machinery in Wastewater Treatment Plant:

  • Modern machinery for inline monitoring of the WTP activities is really necessary. This will efficiently help to understand the exact working conditions and changes happening in any WTP plant. Sensors and devices such as Dissolved O2, Dissolved CO2, pH, Temperature, Reactor embedded heat control systems, mechanical parts like baffles, mechanical/pneumatic agitators, efficient water/sludge transfer, etc. can be incorporated into advanced WTPs for enhanced working conditions.   
  • Sludge thickening technology to produce sludge from wastewater: This will make it possible to use the sludge as fertilizer or fuel.
  • Membrane technology: Efficient membrane technology is required to reduce the BOD/COD of the wastewater at a fast rate. It also helps to reduce nutrients from water such as Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphate by allowing bacterial growth. Biomass produced on membrane filters is rich in nitrogen and can be utilized as a good quality fertilizer.
  • Bacteria-based technology: It can decompose a number of organic substances in wastewater, including cellulose and lignin wastes, into carbon dioxide and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate. Bioremediation technology for industrial effluents from Petroleum refineries and the petrochemical industry, Textile and Chemical companies, pharmaceutical industries, etc. requires a specialized microbial consortium for treatment. The generation of efficient microbial consortiums for such wastewater treatment activities is needed for the current WTPs.
  • Advancement in bioremediation technology – That involves the use of phytoremediation, phycoremediation, bioremediation, and utilization of nature-based processes like artificial wetlands, lagoons, algae ponds, and water streams. This help to clean the wastewater in the tertiary level of water treatment.    
  • Utilize the mineralization of biomass: That is decomposed by bacteria into biochar, which can be used as an effective fertilizer.
Electricity

In a wastewater treatment plant, dropping power because of an energy outage is the maximum common disturbance. If a wastewater remedy facility loses energy, the filtration or purification structures will forestall working, until a backup generator or different power supply is available. If your facility loses electricity, the wastewater will hold amassing till you operate the wastewater treatment machine again.

Manpower (Field experts)

The lack of field experts can make it difficult for wastewater treatment plants to keep up with the latest developments in the industry. Technology is constantly evolving and field experts are necessary to ensure that wastewater treatment plants are able to make full use of the latest advances. Without the necessary expertise, wastewater treatment plants are unable to efficiently and effectively manage their operations. We can overcome this issue by technical or engineered methods. For example, we can use Artificial Intelligence-based simulation tools to build models of wastewater treatment plants and predict their performance.

Fragmentation of Operation (Inappropriate Data Recording)

The problem is that the operations of WTPs are fragmented due to the different levels of government involvement, which can lead to improper data recording. This can lead to a lack of understanding of how the system operates and what needs to be done in order to fix it. There are also issues of trade-offs and unintended consequences. For example, the use of chlorination in WTPs is an effective way to reduce pathogen levels, but it can also decrease the levels of different types of beneficial bacteria, which might lead to an increase in pathogens such as Escherichia coli. The study also highlights that there are few incentives for large industrial wastewater treatment plants to invest in innovation or generate new ideas without a clear understanding of how the system operates. To help address this, the study recommends:

  • Establishing public-private partnerships to foster innovation and encourage the use of high technology in wastewater treatment
  • Developing a market-based approach for incentivizing investment in innovation, including a new “wastewater innovation fund”.
  • Offering financial incentives for increased output from anaerobic digesters, which can generate energy and nutrient-rich biogas that can also be used as a renewable fuel source.

Lack of real-time monitoring for precise output of the system

The reasons for this are many: the complexity of the WTP system is one, but also that the issue is often seen as a “management problem” with little focus on technical solutions. As mentioned earlier in the section on the need for advanced technology real-time monitoring of the WTP would play a very effective role to improve their efficiency. Real-time WTPs monitoring can be done by designing and implementing an automated system in which sensors (such as flow meters, DO, DCO2) that measure processes and parameters (chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, pH levels, etc.) are installed at strategic locations within a WTP.

In order to prevent the exceeding of prescribed limits, it is important to have an effective monitoring system in place. This monitoring system should include regular laboratory testing of the wastewater, as well as the implementation of best management practices (BMPs), such as the installation of pre-treatment systems, to reduce the number of pollutants entering the plant. It is also important to ensure that the wastewater treatment plant has the capacity to treat the amount of wastewater that is being produced. If the plant does not have the capacity to treat the wastewater, then additional measures must be taken to reduce the amount of wastewater entering the plant.

F. Seasonal Variation

Seasonal temperature variations impact microbial population and their growth. Variations change the occurrence of specific types of microorganisms in a particular season. This alters the efficiency of WTPs.  It has been observed that the sludge from domestic sewage treatment contains greater diversity than industrial wastewater treatment. The core genera in domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually Nitrospira, Caldilinea, Pseudomonas, and the fermentative function microbe-Lactococcus. (2)

Some of the research publications show that seasonal variation also impacts the concentration of the pollutants present in the wastewater. And obviously, if the microbial consortium is varying with seasonal variation the pollutant’s concentration would also change depending on the microbial community. (3)

F. Microbial Concentration/Inoculum

Microbial consortium plays a vital role in the efficient operation of the wastewater treatment plant. Biological treatments are regulated by the microbial community and lack of an adequate concentration of microbes or type of microbes leads to the failure of WTP’s operations. Sewage or domestic water brings an abundance of microbial flora along with it in STP. And, when secondary wastewater treatment begins the same microflora grows well with supplied adequate agitation and oxygenation. With further requirements, the activated sludge which is a very active form of microbial biomass. Also, it is retained in the STP’s secondary treatment units. This helps to provide a continuous supply of active microbial population for the treatment of freshly entering wastewater in STP.

The failure of STP’s secondary treatment unit is observed pertaining to the sudden degradation of activated sludge due to toxic water contaminants. When industrial water with a high concentration of toxic metal ions, and poisonous substances enter STP, oligodynamic actions kill microbial flora and lead to the failure of STP. In such cases finding and removal of industrial effluent sources entering STP water is essential. After which addition of activated sludge from another source or active commercial consortium of bacteria is also obtained as a source of efficient microflora for STP operations.

ETP influent of wastewater is mostly devoid of microorganisms. It requires a specially designed consortium of microorganisms to treat industry-specific wastewater. In many places activated sludge from STP, Cow dung like conventional sources of microorganisms is also tried. However, such a solution may or may not work efficiently due to the lack of potential bacterium to treat industrial effluents. In this case, a commercially derived consortium of potent microorganisms is necessary to utilize. Many commercial suppliers of industrial microorganisms offer effective solutions for a range of industrial effluents. (4)

G. Algae Bloom

wastewater algae

Due to the high nutrient content of wastewater sometimes algae flourish in STP/ETP plants. Algae bloom creates problems for machinery and filter assemblies leading to blocking the air and water flow. To address this issue in WTPs, the most commonly used approach is algaecides. Algaecides are chemicals that are specifically designed to kill algae. They can be used to treat the water or effluent in the plant that is released from the plant. There are a number of advantages as well as drawbacks of using algaecides. But, algae bloom in wastewater itself is being termed by many researchers as a potential way of wastewater treatment solution.

In the environment, when water flows in wetlands, lagoons, estuaries, ponds, rivers even seas algae flourishes using available nutrient resources. Algae can consume many nutrients and pollutants including heavy metal ions. They have proved to be the best option to generate completely environment-friendly wastewater treatment solutions. However, this is not yet well explored due to the lack of development in the technology to utilize algae in large-scale wastewater treatment. This needs complete modification of the conventional STP/ETP plants to allow algae to grow along with microbial consortium. This would require separate provisions to be established in the vicinity of the plant for microalgae cultivation and wastewater remediation.

Conclusion

Worldwide with the increasing human population, the need for water resources is shooting higher year by year. Available freshwater resources are already scarce and with climate change issues, this question becoming more serious. Reducing, reusing, and recycling is the best solution to work with available water resources to make it sustainable. Therefore, WTPs play a very essential role in making the wastewater fit to reuse or recycle. However, as discussed in this article there are many problems ranging from operational issues to regulatory compliance making conventional WTP less efficient in their utility. Novel technological interventions are necessary to intervene for sustainable development in the sector of wastewater treatment. This can be achieved by applying environmental solutions with an available STP/ETP setup.

Use of novel bioremediation techniques (eg. phytoremediation, phycoremediation), wastewater lagoons, ponds, artificial wetlands, etc. are now given importance. Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) policy needs to be given importance to retain and reutilize wastewater in industrial, agricultural as well as domestic applications. In a country like India, National Green Tribunal (NGT) like lawmakers, making it mandatory to treat wastewater using various environment-friendly solutions to reduce the environmental impact of wastewater. Such activities will help to sustainably develop the wastewater treatment sector for a better tomorrow.  

References:

  1. Kumar, S., Smith, S. R., Fowler, G., Velis, C., Kumar, S. J., Arya, S., … & Cheeseman, C. (2017). Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India. Royal Society open science, 4(3), 160764.
  2. Zhang, B., Yu, Q., Yan, G., Zhu, H., & Zhu, L. (2018). Seasonal bacterial community succession in four typical wastewater treatment plants: correlations between core microbes and process performance. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-11.
  3. Gao, D., Li, Z., Guan, J., & Liang, H. (2017). Seasonal variations in the concentration and removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates from the wastewater of a sewage treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 54, 217-223.
  4. Quraishi, T., Kenekar, A., Ranadive, P., & Kamath, G. (2018). Evaluation of Performance of cow dung as Microbial Inoculum in Industrial Wastewater Treatment and its Environmental Implications. Indian J. Sci. Technol, 11, 1-7.
WTP Wastewater Treatment

Sewage and Industrial Wastewater Treatment – Understanding the STP/ETP…

  • December 29, 2022December 29, 2022
  • by everflow

What is Wastewater?

Wastewater is a mixture of water and a variety of pollutants, including suspended solids, dissolved organic compounds, nutrients, and microorganisms. Domestic wastewater is typically composed of human waste, food waste, and paper products. Industrial wastewater may include toxic chemicals, heavy metals, oil and grease, and other pollutants.

wastewater

Suspended solids are the largest component of wastewater and can include anything from toilet paper to food scraps. Dissolved organic compounds, such as detergents, food waste, and solvents, can also be found in wastewater. Heavy metals, salts, and nutrients are also present. Nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are the primary sources of energy for microorganisms in wastewater. These microorganisms are responsible for breaking down organic matter, which in turn produces carbon dioxide and other gases. This decomposition is essential for the removal of some pollutants, such as ammonia and phosphorus from wastewater.

Health, Environment, and Social concerns associated with wastewater:

  • Health: Wastewater contains bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause diseases such as cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, and typhoid. These diseases can spread through contaminated water. Wastewater also contains toxic chemicals, such as lead, arsenic, and mercury, which can cause serious health problems if ingested. Poorly treated wastewater leads to water pollution on its release, creating an even greater risk to public health.
  • Environment: Wastewater can have a damaging effect on the environment if it is not properly treated or disposed of. Untreated wastewater can pollute drinking water sources and contaminate soil, which can lead to water-borne diseases and the destruction of natural habitats. Wastewater can also cause algal blooms and oxygen depletion in water bodies, which can kill off fish and other aquatic life.
  • Social: Wastewater can have a significant impact on communities. Poorly treated or disposed wastewater can cause an increase in health risks to local residents. If wastewater is not managed properly, it can create an unpleasant living environment due to odor and the presence of vermin. Furthermore, wastewater has an adverse impact on the local economy, as it can contaminate agricultural land and decrease crop yields.

Precautionary measurements are taken to avoid wastewater-related issues

Precautionary measures are taken because untreated wastewater can cause a variety of negative environmental and health impacts.

To prevent these issues, precautionary measures are taken to ensure that wastewater is collected and disposed of properly. The collection of wastewater is usually done through sewer systems, septic tanks, or catchment basins. These systems allow for the safe collection and transport of wastewater to a treatment facility to remove pollutants and contaminants. Then water is released back into the environment.

Disposal of wastewater is also important in avoiding wastewater-related issues. Depending on the type of wastewater and the level of treatment it has undergone, it can be disposed of in various ways. Treated wastewater may be discharged into a local waterway, sprayed onto land, or recycled for use in industrial processes.

Wastewater collection

Wastewater collection systems typically include a network of pipes, manholes, and other structures such as pumping stations, treatment plants, and storage tanks. The collection systems are responsible for transporting wastewater from residences and businesses to a central drainage system. 

Wastewater specific treatment

STP process

STP

A sewage treatment plant is a facility where wastewater is processed to remove pollutants and produce a treated effluent that is safe to return to the environment. Treatment processes may include physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove suspended solids, nutrients, and other pollutants. The treated effluent is typically discharged to a receiving water body such as a river, lake, or ocean.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary treatment process in STP:

Primary Treatment

It involves the physical removal of solids from wastewater. This is typically accomplished by screening, grit removal, and primary sedimentation. This is usually done by passing wastewater through large screens or grit channels to remove large debris, such as plastic, sticks, and rags. The wastewater is then pumped through a settling tank, which allows suspended solids to settle to the bottom and the clarified water to flow out of the tank. The settled sludge is usually sent to a secondary treatment process, such as anaerobic digestion or activated sludge. Primary treatment involves the addition of a coagulant and aims at removing grits, coarse solids, oil, and grease if any are present. 

Secondary Treatment

This process uses bacteria and other microorganisms to break down organic matter from wastewater, such as food waste, soaps, and detergents, and convert it into a form to be released into the environment. The process usually involves aeration and clarification, using tanks, basins, and biological filters.

  • Membrane bioreactors (MBRs): Another wastewater treatment option is MBRs. These systems use membranes to separate suspended particles from the wastewater and then allow aerobic or anaerobic bacteria to break down the organic material. The end result is a stabilized effluent that meets environmental standards for safe discharge.
  • Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR): The SBR cycle is composed of several steps: fill, react, settle, decant, and idle. During the reaction stage, the wastewater is aerated and circulated to mix with the microbial population, allowing it to break off the organic matter. In the settling stage, the mixture is settled, allowing lighter biomass and organic matter to rise to the surface and be removed. In the idle phase, the tank is allowed to sit without any aeration or mixing, allowing the biomass to settle and the organisms to rest.
  • Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR): MBBR is a type of wastewater treatment system that uses suspended carriers to provide a large surface area for the attached growth of biofilms. The carriers used in MBBRs provide a large surface area for biofilm growth, which helps to reduce the biomass size required for effective treatment.
  • Fluidized Bed Bioreactors (FBBR): FBBR is a type of secondary treatment for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. This allows microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to colonize the particles and break down the organic pollutants. It is used in conjunction with primary treatment processes to achieve the highest level of pollutant removal possible.

Tertiary Treatment

The tertiary or chemical treatment process of sewage treatment plants typically involves the addition of chemicals such as calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate to the wastewater. This process helps to break down organic matter and remove suspended solids and other contaminants. The process also helps to balance the pH of the water, reduce odors (Activated charcoal), and reduce the level of disease-causing organisms.

  • Activated charcoal is a carbon filtration that works to remove odor and color by adsorbing and trapping contaminants on the surface of its tiny pores. Activated carbon needs replacement as its capacity to work reduces gradually.
  • Chlorination: The process involves the addition of chlorine or chlorine-based compounds to the water to kill bacteria and other disease-causing microorganisms. The chlorine kills any disease-causing organisms, which helps to reduce the risk of water-borne diseases.
  • Ozonation is a form of the advanced oxidation process that produces extremely reactive oxygen species. Ozone is very reactive and readily oxidizes microorganisms, effectively killing them. Ozone oxidizes the cell wall, membrane, and internal components of microorganisms, damaging their structure and function. Ozone also disrupts the microorganism`s metabolic pathways, leading to cell death.
  • UV treatment – UV water disinfection technique disinfects by penetrating microorganisms and destroying their DNA. Chlorine and other disinfectants can produce toxic disinfection byproducts (THMs or Halo-acetic acids) as well as the dangers that come with their presence on site. Because UV light disinfection is a chemical-free method, it effectively eliminates any concerns about these byproducts.

The important water discharge parameters in STP are biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and fecal coliform bacteria.

difference

ETP

An effluent treatment plant (ETP) is a facility used to treat wastewater that is produced by industries and other sources. The treated wastewater (or effluent) is then released into the environment, usually a nearby river, lake, or ocean. ETP reduces the number of pollutants in the wastewater to the levels required by national and local environmental regulations.

In comparison with STP, ETP focuses more on reducing the number of chemical pollutants present in wastewater during its secondary treatment process.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary treatment process in ETP:

Primary Treatment

The primary treatment process in ETP typically involves the removal of suspended solids, oils, and other physical contaminants from wastewater. Wastewater is Treated by physical processes such as sedimentation, flocculation, clarification, and filtration.

Secondary Treatment

In secondary treatment, industrial effluent processes are modified as per the content and level of certain chemical pollutants. Following some of the industrial wastewater treatment processes will help to understand this concept better. 

Oil and petroleum industry:

A vast amount of wastewater is generated from the extraction, refining, and transportation of petroleum products. This contains a variety of contaminants, including oil, grease, heavy metals, and other hazardous substances or pollutants. It helps to reduce the concentration of pollutants and contaminants in the effluent to a level that is safe for discharge into the environment. This is achieved through coagulation, flocculation, and biological treatment. The coagulation/flocculation process involves the addition of a coagulant, such as aluminum hydroxide chloride or aluminum sulfate, to the wastewater to remove suspended solids.

The biological treatment process utilizes microorganisms to break down organic material in the wastewater and reduce the concentration of pollutants. Finally, the N:P ratio is an important parameter for the treatment of oily wastewater by using oil-degrading bacteria. By using these techniques, secondary treatment can effectively reduce the contamination level of effluent and make it suitable for discharge into water bodies.

Example: Microorganisms to remove oil contaminants such as Bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa: P. aeruginosa bacteria are able to break down oil and petroleum products due to their ability to produce enzymes that are specific to hydrocarbons. Pseudomonas bacteria are usually introduced into wastewater as slurry. This slurry is made up of a combination of Pseudomonas bacteria, nutrients, and a carbon source. The carbon source is important because it provides the bacteria with the energy they need to break down the oil and petroleum-based pollutants.

Other common microorganisms used in the oil and petroleum industry for wastewater treatment include bacteria such as Acinetobacter, and Bacillus, and fungi such as Aspergillus and Trichoderma.

Textile industry (Dyes and paints, colorants,):

The main purpose of secondary treatment is to provide BOD removal beyond what is achievable by simple sedimentation. It also removes appreciable amounts of oil and phenol. The dissolved and colloidal organic compounds and color present in wastewater are removed or reduced to stabilize the organic matter. Textile processing effluents are amenable to biological treatments.

Textile waste also contains significant quantities of non-biodegradable chemical polymers. For non-biodegradable pollutants, filtration technologies are utilized in the textile industry to clean wastewater. Traditional membrane processes in textile wastewater treatment include the use of ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The selection of membrane technologies for textile effluent relies on costs based on the balance between water flux and solute retention. RO also becomes less effective when osmotic pressure, is caused by high salt concentration in the feed wastewater. Becomes too high to obtain a reasonable transmembrane permeate flux without applying excess transmembrane hydraulic pressure.

The membrane filtration system typically consists of a series of membranes with differing pore sizes and compositions that are used to remove particles from the wastewater. The membranes are typically made from polymeric materials such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polysulfone, or polypropylene.

Metallurgic, chemical, and Fertilizer industry:

This is usually done through the application of an activated sludge process, trickling filter, rotating biological contactors, and oxidation ponds. The activated sludge process is used to remove organic pollutants from wastewater by using a variety of microorganisms. Trickling filters use a bed of media on which microorganisms grow to degrade the organic pollutants. Rotating biological contactors use a series of rotating plastic disks on which microorganisms grow and degrade organic pollutants. Finally, oxidation ponds are used to provide long-term biological treatment.

Tertiary Treatment

The tertiary treatment or biological treatment process in an ETP is designed to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater. This process is typically used in applications where the effluent needs to be treated to a high level of purity. The water is then treated with chlorine, ultraviolet light, or ozone to kill any remaining bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens before it is released into the environment. Primary and secondary treatment typically gets wastewater only clean enough to discharge safely into the environment. Tertiary treatment can achieve levels of water purification that make the water safe for reuse in water-intensive processes or even as drinking water.

Tertiary wastewater treatment often works by using a combination of physical and chemical processes to remove harmful microbiological contaminants. The process usually involves filtration followed by additional disinfecting treatment. In some cases, tertiary treatment may also use other specialized treatments like lagoon storage, biological nutrient removal, and nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

Final water disposal activities:

All water either from STP or ETP is finally safely disposed into the environment or reused depending upon the quality of wastewater as follows.

  • Filters: Tertiary filtration components can contain a few different materials. Sand and activated carbon filters are common, and filters can also contain fine woven cloth. The filters come in a few types, including bag filters, drum filters, and disc filters. Backwash cleans the media components to ensure their continual functioning.
  • Disinfecting: The process of tertiary disinfection may take a few different forms. Chlorine is one of the most commonly used disinfectants in wastewater treatment. Ultraviolet light is a common disinfectant in tertiary treatment. Ozone is highly reactive and can destroy most microorganisms it comes into contact with.
  • Discharge: Once the wastewater has undergone tertiary treatment, it is ready for discharge back into the environment. Many municipalities have specific requirements for the discharge of treated water. Tertiary treatment should be sufficient to meet those standards, keep the environment clean and preserve human health, experts say.
  • Reuse: Many treatment plants use tertiary treatment specifically to make the water safe for human ingestion. Water that has received tertiary treatment is also suitable for numerous operations that require clean water. These include industrial and manufacturing processes, oil and gas extraction and refining, utilities cooling, and agricultural practices like irrigation.
Feature image Uncategorized

Cow Burp and Global Warming – Unexpected but Delicate…

  • December 28, 2022December 28, 2022
  • by everflow

The recent debate on LinkedIn posts by Irina Gerry (Chief Marketing Officer, Change Foods, California, US) about methane production from livestock has started a vigorous discussion. Agri-industrialists, Nutritionists, Naturists, and many others took an active part in it. In one of her posts, she concluded that livestock is a leading contributor to methane and global GHGs. Its current attribute in global warming is about 20-30%. Methane increase global temperature 80 times faster than CO2 in 20 years, or 27 times faster than CO2 in a 100-year run. The UN has targeted 40-45% methane reduction by 2030, and reducing beef consumption is the easiest option according to her. Now, this is surprising that such an invisible natural process could contribute to a serious issue like global warming.

Global annual anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions (million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, MtCO2eq) in 2016 by A) sector, and B) subsectors within the agricultural sector, data sourced from ClimateWatch.

Enteric methane

The enteric fermentation process produced methane in ruminant animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and buffalos. Ruminants are those that have 4 stomachs, specially designed to digest cellulosic biomass and generate energy. The fibrous biomass after digestion supplies ruminants with necessary proteins, fats, and carbohydrates to generate energy. The microbial consortium present in the stomach digest cellulosic biomass further to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. After the utilization of hydrogen by methanogenic bacteria, methane is produced, which is liberated into the environment majorly as cow burps.

Process of Enteric Methane Production

Biogenic carbon cycle

Enteric methane plays important role in nature’s Biogenic Carbon Cycle. When enteric methane is produced, it remains in the environment for 12 years to maintain the atmospheric temperature. During these years, it is oxidized to form CO2 and again enters into the food chain through primary producers. But, due to human interference with the growing population and demand for food and energy, this balance is broken.

Methane produced by one cow is negligible but when produced by billions of cows can impact on a great scale. Currently, it is measured to account for approximately 30% of total global methane emissions. Therefore, curtailing biogenic methane production could be one of the necessary steps to reduce the rapid progression of global warming. Does it mean that livestock farming should be stopped? Or find alternative ways to tackle this issue? Importantly we are at a state where all possible solutions need to be tried at their possible extent of implementation. This may or may not stop climate change but at least will help to bring down GHGs levels. With significant changes in livestock farming, we may be able to reduce the methane footprint of the agriculture sector.

Source: UC Davis, The Biogenic Carbon Cycle and Cattle | CLEAR Center (ucdavis.edu)

Strategies to reduce enteric methane production

Types of feed, nutrient quality, animal health, environmental and geographic conditions, etc. highly influence enteric methane production. When cows are fed with grains as their major diet, they produce more methane than grass-fed cows. The strategies developed to reduce methane production from cow burps include, their diet change or fortification of the diet with additives to improve digestion and reduce methane production, cow breeding to obtain a breed with reduced enteric fermentation, Anti Methanogen Vaccines, Methane-capture wearables, utilization of methane digesters to trap methane produced from cow manure and utilize it as biofuel, etc.

A. Anti-Methanogen Vaccine (Wedlock, D. N. et al. 2013, Baca-González, V. et al. 2020):

The vaccines produced against enteric methanogens trigger antibody production in ruminants. These antibodies bind to methanogens and remove them from the ruminant’s digestive system helping to stop methane production. This concept is still in its early stages of development, but this could prove to be a permanent solution in the near future

B. Methane-capture Wearables (Linzey, C., & Linzey, A. 2021):

In this innovative idea, Zelp’s mask captures methane released directly from the cow’s mouth and flares it. This stops the liberation of enteric methane directly into the atmosphere. This wearable also helps to keep check of ruminants’ health and productivity.

C. Feed modification with additives:

1. 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP)

3-NOP is a chemical substitute for animal feed that has a similar chemical structure to Methyl-coenzyme M in Archaea. Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) enzyme plays an essential role in the final step of methane production by binding to methyl-coenzyme M. When 3-NOP is fed to ruminants it replaces methyl-coenzyme M and MCR binding site and stops methane production. In addition to this 3-NOP also oxidizes the Nickel atom present in the core part of the MCR enzyme and disables the whole enzyme from binding to methyl-coenzyme M. This oxidation reaction also produces nitrate, nitrite, and 1,3-propanediol and ultimately degrades 3-NOP in ruminant’s stomach. In general, 40-340mg of 3-NOP/Kg of dry matter intake (DMI) has been used in the research shown to reduce 23-39% methane production in ruminants.

In European Union, commercial 3-NOP manufacturer DSM (Koninklijke DSM N.V. or Royal DSM) patented (WO2012084629A1) their technology to reduce ruminant methane emission, and/or to improve ruminant performance as Bovaer®. With proven trials on large scale, this product has also received clearance from European Food Safety Association (EFSA) in the year 2021.

2. Algae Additives (Glasson C. R. et al. 2022):

With the need to reduce ruminants’ methane emissions, along with a 3-NOP-based solution there are others too coming to the market claiming more efficiency. One of that is Bromoform bioactive compound in extracted form or in whole seaweed-based animal feed that shows almost complete in-vivo methane elimination. A minimum of 1% inclusion level of specific seaweed in feed organic matter (OM) helps to reduce methane from cows and sheep at a significant level. Macroalgae genus Asparagopsis (A. taxiformis and A. armata) has proven to contain such specific inhibitors that reduce methanogenic activity. The key component from algae that contribute to this activity is halogenated methane analogue (HMA) or halomethane. The list of HMA analogue components found in Asparagopsis includes methane, bromochloromethane, dibromochloromethane, chloroform, bromoform, and iodoform. But, the most abundant HMA in Asparagopsis is bromoform.

Mechanism of HMA-

The general reaction carried out by rumen hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea involves the conversion of CO2 to Methane through the Wolfe cycle (Thauer, R. K. 2012). 

CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O

Bromoform acts as an anti-methane bioactive compound by blocking the action of key metalloenzymes of the Wolfe cycle. Two essential steps for methane production carried out during the Wolfe cycle are catalyzed by coenzyme M methyltransferase (with a cobalamin prosthetic group) and methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) (with nickel tetrapyrrole as a prosthetic group; syn. cofactor F430). Both enzymes are susceptible to competitive and/or oxidative inhibition. The well-discussed mode of action of HMAs in ruminants is competitive binding with coenzyme M methyltransferase and inhibition of methyl transfer in methanogenesis. Whereas halogenated alkanes also block the activity of methyl coenzyme M reductase that catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step of methane production same as explained in the case of 3-NOP.

Drawbacks-

However, the use of HMA bioactive containing seaweed feed for ruminants is always questioned due to their potential carcinogenic and ozone-depleting effects. But it is also discussed by many that both the concerned issues have very negligible impact to consider it as harmful either to human health or leading to the destruction of the ozone layer.

In addition to reducing methane gas production, macroalgae are rich in essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, making them a great addition to any cow’s diet. They are also high in dietary fiber, which helps to prevent digestive disorders and improve the overall health of cows.

Leading Innovators-

Some of the well-known innovators in the sector of seaweed-based feed additives for the reduction of cows’ methane burps are Mootral, Blue Ocean Barns, Symbrosia, Rumin8, Alga Biosciences, Volta Greentech, FutureFeed, CH4 Global, Sea Forest, Greener Grazing, Primary Ocean, The Seaweed Company, Seastock, Seascape Restorations, Agolin.

3. Other Natural ingredients:

Various traditional, as well as newly invented natural solutions for methane reduction in cow burps, include a variety of materials. Many essential oils such as linseed, and extracts that may or may not be scientifically proven have shown applications in methane reduction. This material list includes witchbrew, lemongrass, chestnut, tannins, coconut, garlic extract, cotton oil, wild carrot, coriander seed oil, citrus extracts, ozonated water, green tea and oregano. They are amongst the most effective additives for methane mitigation. Apart from this, adding fats to the cow’s diet offers a promising solution for reducing methanogenesis, without having a significant negative impact on other functions of the rumen.

Methane Reduction from Feed Additives

Conclusion and Future Prospects:

A variety of solutions are available to reduce cow burp and only some of them will prove their potential in near future. In addition, every country’s policy to tackle the issue related to its own carbon footprint is need to be explored. Strong decisions and measures helping toward carbon neutrality need to be pursued.

One example from this category would be the recently flashed news about the New Zealand Government’s implementation of a new tax regime for farmers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 10% over the next decade. In this farmers would be taxed for their farm animals as a part of the Government’s commitment to reduce the country’s greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. The same tax would be expected to raise a high amount of funds that will be made available to support farmers to transition to more sustainable farming practices. Overall, this could potentially set an example for other countries to follow and start investing in better practices to reduce their emissions in the long run. 

Reference:

Wedlock, D. N., Janssen, P. H., Leahy, S. C., Shu, D., & Buddle, B. M. (2013). Progress in the development of vaccines against rumen methanogens. animal, 7, 244-252.

Baca-González, V., Asensio-Calavia, P., González-Acosta, S., Pérez de la Lastra, J. M., & Morales de la Nuez, A. (2020). Are vaccines the solution for methane emissions from ruminants? A systematic review. Vaccines, 8(3), 460.

Linzey, C., & Linzey, A. (2021). Masking the Problem. Journal of Animal Ethics, 11(2), v-vii.

Glasson, C. R., Kinley, R. D., de Nys, R., King, N., Adams, S. L., Packer, M. A., … & Magnusson, M. (2022). Benefits and risks of including the bromoform containing seaweed Asparagopsis in feed for the reduction of methane production from ruminants. Algal Research, 64, 102673.

Thauer, R. K. (2012). The Wolfe cycle comes full circle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(38), 15084-15085.

Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater Management and Its Important Components

  • December 23, 2022December 23, 2022
  • by everflow

The drainage systems and wastewater collection are important components of proper collection and disposal of the city’s infrastructure. They are responsible for maintaining a safe and healthy environment by preventing the spread of diseases and pollutants. The drainage systems and wastewater collection are most often divided into two main components. The collection system includes sewers and pipes, and the treatment system, which includes wastewater treatment plants. The drainage system collects rainwater runoff and sewage from homes, businesses, and other sources. Then transports the collected wastewater to a treatment plant, where it is treated, cleaned, and released back into the environment.

Drainage System:

The drainage system is a network of pipes, drains and other structures used to collect and remove surplus water and waste from buildings, roads, and other areas. It is an integral part of modern life, allowing for the removal of rainwater, sewage, and other waste materials.

drainage

The drainage system is typically composed of two components. A surface drainage system collects and disposes of rainwater and surface runoff. A subsurface drainage system collects and removes waste water from buildings.

Surface drainage systems are designed to collect and convey excess water away from roads, buildings, and other areas. They usually consist of a series of underground pipes and channels that collect runoff from rooftops, driveways, and other surfaces. The collected water is then directed to a storm sewer, which carries it away from the area. In some cases, the water is directed to a nearby water body or a natural wetland.

Subsurface drainage systems are designed to collect and remove wastewater from buildings. These systems are typically comprised of a series of pipes and drains that collect wastewater from plumbing fixtures, such as toilets and sinks. It is then directed to a septic tank or a public sewer system, where it is treated before being discharged into a nearby water body.

Wastewater Collection:

Wastewater collection systems typically include a network of pipes, manholes, and other structures such as pumping stations, treatment plants, and storage tanks. The pipes are usually constructed from PVC, concrete, or iron and they come in a variety of sizes and shapes to accommodate different types of wastewater. The manholes are used to allow access to the pipes for cleaning and maintenance, and they are usually equipped with safety equipment such as gas detectors and airflow monitors.

Wastewater collection systems are responsible for transporting wastewater from residences and businesses to a central drainage system. In most cases, wastewater is collected through a network of underground pipes that lead to a sewage treatment facility. The drainage system works in conjunction with the wastewater collection system by receiving wastewater from the collection system and then distributing it to the treatment facility. The drainage system removes excess water from the surrounding area and provides a safe and efficient disposal of wastewater.

Wastewater Collection Categories:

Wastewater collection systems can be divided into two categories: sanitary sewers and combined sewers. Sanitary sewers are wastewater systems that collect it from homes and businesses and transport it to a wastewater treatment plant, while combined sewers collect both stormwater and wastewater and transport them to a wastewater treatment plant. The drainage flow rate is the amount of water that is discharged from a drainage system over a given period of time. This rate is usually expressed in cubic feet per second (CFS). The drainage flow rate can be affected by factors such as the size of the drainage system, the slope of the terrain, the amount of rainfall or snowmelt, and any obstructions in the flow.

The volume of water collected in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) is determined by the size of the plant and its capacity. Normally, the size and type of treatment process used will determine the volume of water that can be processed in a given period of time. The capacity of WTPs can range from 1.9 million liters per day to over 80 million liters per day. Water collected by WTPs depends on the amount of wastewater generated by the community and precipitation in the area.

Treatment and Discharge:

Pumping stations are used to move wastewater from low-lying areas to higher points where it can be more easily transported. Treatment plants used to clean and treat wastewater involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Physical processes involve the removal of large suspended solids, such as sand, gravel, and other debris. This is usually done through sedimentation, filtration, or centrifugation. Chemical processes involve the addition of chemicals, such as chlorine or alum, to break down organic matter and other pollutants. Biological processes involve the use of microorganisms, such as bacteria, to break down organic matter in wastewater.

The treated wastewater is then discharged into a receiving water body, such as a river, lake, or ocean.

Tabulation of general wastewater parameters

parameters

By tabulating general wastewater parameters, Population Control Board is able to understand the impact of wastewater on the environment. This information can then be used to develop measures to reduce the negative impacts of wastewater on the environment.

Wastewater management systems must be designed and operated to ensure that they adequately collect, and treat the wastewater and prevent environmental contamination.

Wastewater management systems should also be designed to prevent flooding and maintain an acceptable level of water quality. This may include the installation of pumps, detention basins, and other structures to reduce the effects of flooding. It may also include the use of stormwater management systems to prevent soil erosion and runoff of polluted wastewater.

In nature, wastewater treatment occurs in natural ponds, wetlands covered with mangroves, and heavy plantation and water lagoons.

Similarly, when these natural phenomena are applied for wastewater treatment by artificial means, both natural, as well as artificial resources are utilized. At the beginning of the process, wastewater is allowed to stabilize and remove suspended solids particles by aggregation, flocculation, and sedimentation in waste stabilization ponds. Then the water slowly flows to artificial wetlands where the plantation of diverse phytoremediation plants sequesters many pollutants and clears water to the maximum extent by phytoremediation process. Furthermore, in natural processes, the wastewater from wetlands enters the natural water bodies and water streams. 

wastewater

Constructed wetlands:

Constructed wetlands are artificial wetlands that are specifically designed to treat wastewater. They consist of a shallow body of water with a bed of gravel or sand and vegetation planted in them. As wastewater is pumped into the wetland, it flows slowly through the gravel or sand and is filtered by the plants, soil, and microorganisms. The microorganisms break down organic matter and suspended solids, while the plants and soil filter out pollutants and heavy metals.

Water Lagoons:

Lagoons are made up of a series of interconnected ponds, which are designed to capture, store, and treat wastewater. Each lagoon is filled with wastewater that is circulated and aerated, allowing beneficial bacteria and enzymes to break down harmful contaminants. This process helps to reduce the amount of organic matter, toxins, and other pollutants in the water, making it safe for reuse or discharge. As the water moves through the lagoons, suspended solids settle to the bottom, providing a nutrient-rich environment for beneficial bacteria and other organisms to thrive. The bacteria and other organisms help to further break down the contaminants and create a clean, safe effluent.

Importance of Wastewater management

  • Conservation of Resources: It helps to conserve valuable resources, such as energy and water, by recycling.
  • Preservation of Human Health: Wastewater management reduces the risk of water-borne diseases and helps in preserving public health.
  • Reduced Pollution: It helps to reduce the pollutant level in water sources and helps to protect aquatic ecosystems and wildlife.
  • Improved Water Quality: Water quality in rivers and lakes can be improved and making them safer for human use.
  • Reduced Contamination: It helps to reduce contamination of drinking water sources and ensure that they are safe for human consumption.
  • Economic Benefits: Proper wastewater management can help to reduce the costs of water treatment and disposal, providing economic benefits.

Conclusion:

Wastewater management is a complex process to manage. The infrastructure of a drainage system in wastewater management is a basic requirement. Improper drainage and wastewater management lead to wastewater-related issues in society that affects the quality of life. Poorly designed drainage systems can lead to poor sanitation, water pollution, and various serious water-related health hazards. Impotent drainage system flooding during rainy seasons may occur due to water logging which causes life and economic losses. Proper management is essential to avoid above mentioned damages. By investing in an efficient infrastructure and technology, wastewater can be well managed and we can enjoy a hygienic life.

Uncategorized

Algae and their Associations- Nature’s unusual and exceptional Secrets

  • December 14, 2022March 11, 2023
  • by everflow

Algae or cyanobacteria are the first atmospheric oxygen producers which also caused a great oxidation event in the era between 2.3 and 2.4 billion years ago. That led to the massive oxidative death of anaerobic bacterial species and even microalgae. Along with changes in the earth’s course around the sun, the atmospheric changes that happened on earth due to an oxidation event contributed to the first Ice Age around 2.3 billion years ago. After the first ice age life on earth started reshaping and gave rise to new eukaryotic cell forms. 

Microalgae being one of the most primitive and photoautotrophic life forms on the earth, evolved and partnered with many other living entities in symbiotic relationships. As a primary producer, they were the food of the first protozoan species that formed the post-first ice age era. Since then, microalgae have formed multiple associations in marine and terrestrial habitats. This article will reveal some of nature’s unusual and exceptional secrets of algae and their associations. Most of these symbiotic relations are examples of the type of commensalism, mutualism, and even parasitism.    

As photo-symbionts (and/or endosymbionts) they form associations with cnidarians, sponges, molluscs, protists (i.e., lichens), and corals, etc. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial species form an association with plants. Some very uncommon relations with microalgae also involve their relationship with vertebrates, which have been revealed in recent years. In this context, we will see some important examples of the symbiotic relationship between algae and other organisms.    

A. Corals (Scleractinia) and Dinoflagellate algae:

Coral reef ecosystems are the best place to observe various associations between different life forms and one of them is Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae). Symbiodinium is the relationship between corals and endosymbiotic Dinoflagellate algae. In order to support coral growth and calcification and provide the necessary nutrients for these diverse and fruitful ecosystems, symbiodinium converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into organic carbon and oxygen. Thus, light has a crucial role in controlling the coral holobiont’s productivity, physiology, and ecology. Symbiodinium has to safely capture sunlight for photosynthesis and expel extra energy to avoid oxidative stress, just like all oxygenic photoautotrophs.

Oxidative stress by environmental stressors like climate change causes coral reefs to bleach and break down coral-algal symbiosis. Large-scale coral bleaching events have increased in frequency and prevalence recently, jeopardizing coral reefs. There is an additional level of diversity in the coral–algal symbiosis because individual corals can host multiple types of Symbiodinium on various temporal and spatial scales.

Image Source: Insights into ‘Symbiodiniaceae phycosphere in a coral holobiont (Garrido, A. G. et al. 2021)

B. Anemones (Anthopleura elegantissima) and Dinoflagellate algae:

Sea anemones typically feed on mussels, shrimp, squid, and other prey. But if this food isn’t available, they obtain sugar from the Dinoflagellates, and Dinoflagellates receive nitrogen, nutrients, shelter, and consistent exposure to sunlight from the host anemone.

Corals and Sea Anemones (Anthozoa) (Image Credit: Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology)

Not all cnidarians that support algae can alter their carbon source. In most cases, such hosts cease to die due to their obligatory association with the symbiont. But in the case of Anthopleura sp. they have heterotrophy with symbionts where they are able to change their nutrient source depending upon the environmental conditions. Which is the same as the case of freshwater hydra. During predatory feeding, hydra manages to reduce the symbiont algal density and during starved conditions, it increases algal density to generate an alternative energy source.

The cost of this symbiotic relationship is that sometimes oxygen stress increased by the symbionts can damage the host cells. Anthopleura sp. can exocytose and egest algal cells to control their densities, but the mechanism behind this phenomenon is not completely understood.

Prediction of algal symbiont contributions based on prey availability (Bedgood, S. A. et al. 2020)

In marine environments as move beyond coral reefs and their attached anemones, we can find host-specific relations between Dinoflagellates and other cnidarians species.

C. Jellyfish (Scyphozoan Cotylorhiza tuberculata) and Dinoflagellates:

Despite the richness of this sort of mutualism, jellyfish and other symbiotic cnidarians remain unexplored. In the 1800 century, scientists found yellow cells inside the tissues of sea animals such as Jellyfish. To this in the year 1882, biologist Sir Patrick Geddes of Edinburgh University proffered a new genus, Philozoon from the Greek phileo, meaning ‘to love as a friend,’ and zoon, meaning ‘animal’, but Philozoon genus name was officially never used. Recently, LaJeunesse et al.2022, supported the postulation made by Sir Patrick Geddes, that the relationship between sea animals and algae was truly symbiotic and not parasitic.

Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Rhizostomae, Scyphozoa) is a Mediterranean jellyfish that hosts an endosymbiotic Dinoflagellate from the Symbiodiniaceae family. In this species, the endosymbiotic relationship begins during the polyp stage of the jellyfish’s early life cycle. Eventually, symbionts are incorporated into their endodermal cells (Via lysosomes), and many of the symbionts containing cells develop into mesogleal amoebocytes. The overpopulated algal cells inside the amoebocytes build up close to the endoderm. Symbiotic Dinoflagellates play a very essential role in the nourishment of jellyfish and spread throughout the gastrovascular system of adult C. tuberculate.

As symbionts play a significant role in jellyfish nutrition, the host may exhibit some behavioral and morphological modifications to keep their photosynthetic partners functioning under optimal lighting conditions. To ensure illumination and maximize photosynthesis, Zooxanthellate jellyfish carry out intricate horizontal and vertical migrations or circadian-regulated tissue contractions. In their medusa stage, Zooxanthellate jellyfish get the majority of their nutritional energy from the symbiont’s photosynthesis. The host gives the symbiont nitrogen and phosphorus in exchange. (Enrique-Navarro, A. et al. 2022).

D. Sponges and Algae:

Many sponges co-evolved with others species, forming obligatory associations with other organisms, ranging from microorganisms to macroalgae. Endosymbiont green algae live close to the surface of some sponges, for example, breadcrumb sponges (Halichondria panicea. The alga is therefore shielded from predators, while the sponge is given oxygen and carbohydrates, which in some species can account for 50 to 80% of sponge growth (Olson, J. B., & Kellogg, C. A. 2010). Many of the macroalgae investigated are found in mesophotic habitats, in association with sponges that include the Halimeda spp., Lobophora variegata, Amphiroa spp., Caulerpa spp., and Dictyota spp. The sponge was also found to be associated with dinoflagellates. It is now known that freshwater sponges can also be found in association with yellow-green algae, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, and diatoms.

The example of the mutualistic association between the sponge Haliclona caerulea and the calcareous red macroalga Jania adherens is observed on shallow rocky regions of Mazatlán Bay (eastern tropical Pacific, Mexico) (Ávila, E., Carballo, J. L., & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. 2007). In this association, it is found that algae also contribute to the inorganic structure (27%) of the sponge growth specifically under high wave exposure. When experimental studies were carried out on the sponge Haliclona caerulea in association with macroalga Jania adherens, it is observed that in shallow water the wave force impacts greatly the structural properties of the sponge. Here, algal contribution significantly reduces the energy costs of spicule (branches) production in sponges. With increasing depth the increase in the Si: CaCO3 ratio in the sponge structure is observed which implies that the mutualistic relationship between sponge and algae reduces with the depth (Carballo, J. L., et al. 2006).

E. Lichens and Algae:

An association of a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic (photobiont) resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure is called as a Lichens. It is estimated that around 6-8% of the land surface is covered by lichens with about 20,000 unknown species. In this association, fungi provide water and minerals to the alga, while the algae perform photosynthesis and supply food in the form of sugars to the fungi. Lichens act as pollution indicators as they do not grow in highly polluted environments.

Ascomycota and a few Basidiomycota phylum of kingdom Fungi are found to majorly forms Lichens. As they never occurred separately in nature they might have evolved as a symbiont with one or rarely two species of cyanobacteria as their photobiont. The exception would be a common green alga Trentepohlia is an example that can grow on its own or be lichenized. Lichens also share some specific habitats and even structural morphologies with some algal species (aerophytes) and grow on a tree trunk, rock, etc.

Lichens are miniature ecosystems of fungi, algae, or cyanobacteria which interacts with other microorganisms to evolve as an even more complex composite organism. Due to their long life and slow growth rate they have become an important tool to date the events by lichenometry. The schematic cross-section of foliose lichen explains various parts in its structure (a) the cortex tightly woven out from fungal hyphae (b) photobiont green algae (c) the Medulla with loosely packed hyphae (d) a tightly woven lower cortex (e) Anchoring hyphae called rhizines where the fungus attaches to the substrate.

Image Source: Nefronus – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0
Example: In India, a Lichen commonly called black stone flower (Parmotrema perlatum) is used as a spice in traditional cuisine. Usually, the dried flowers are tasteless and odorless but heating with oil produces a special earthy fragrance and smoky flavor which enhances the taste of the food.

F. Plants and Algae:

The cyanobacterial in association with other plant species fixes atmospheric nitrogen and makes it available to the host plant. They also provide fixed carbon to the non-photosynthetic host in the form of sugar. The major plant hosts for cyanobacteria are bryophytes, cycads, the angiosperm Gunnera, the water-fern Azolla, and fungi (to form lichens) (Adams, D. G., & Duggan, P. S. 2008).

1. Bryophytes – Nostoc Association

Nostoc spp. by means of its specialized motile filament called hormogonia avails entry into the host system. They can enter into the roots, stems leaves in plants, and thallus of bryophytes such as liverworts and hornworts. After chemoattraction and hormogonia entry of nostoc in the host’s symbiotic cavity, the host inhibits further hormogonia formation. This begins with heterocyst development and dinitrogen fixation. Furthermore, the host suppresses the CO2 fixation rate of the Nostoc and induced more and more dinitrogen fixation for enhanced plant growth (Adams, D. G., & Duggan, P. S. 2008, loc. cit.).

2. Azolla and Anabaena azollae Association Another example of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial association with plants is of water fern Azolla’s symbiosis with a cyanobacterium Anabaena azolla. Anabaena colonizes in the base cavities of Azolla fronds. Cyanobacterial heterocyst fixes a sizable amount of nitrogen there. For 1000 years they have been utilized as a source of nitrogen-enriching fertilizers in Southeast Asian wetland paddies. Azolla “blooms” that can fix up to 600 Kg N per hectare per year commonly blanket rice paddies.

G. Hydrozoans:

Another example of Cnidaria is Hydrozoa which are small predatory colonial animals misunderstood as plants and are found in benthic strata (rock and pilings). They have stem pedicles and flower-like heads with mouths and tentacles, the polyps designed for feeding and initial digestion. Some of the polyp colonies are designed for reproduction. The hydrocaulus acts as a root to anchor the colony to the substrate and distribute leftover nutrition to the rest of the colony. Many of the colonies obtain their nutrients from symbiotic algae.

H. Spotted Salamanders and Algae:

The Spotted Salamander (Amblystoma maculatum) species is found across eastern North America. They rise from the soil usually on the first warm and humid night of the spring and travel towards the breeding pool. Females lay a couple or more masses of gelatinous capsules each containing up to 250 fertilized eggs. The egg laid down places are shallow in water and water there contains a very low level of oxygen. And there the secrete of spotted salamander and their symbiont microalgae is concealed.

It is found that egg gelatinous capsules contain green algal growth in them along with the embryo. This algal strain is identified as Chlorococcum amblystomatis, synonym Oophila amblystomatis, commonly known as chlamydomonad algae or salamander algae. This symbiotic algae in the egg capsule produce oxygen with photosynthesis and supply that oxygen to developing embryos. In return, they receive ammonia-rich waste from the embryo to fulfill their nitrogen requirements.

In the year 2010, the assumption that algae reside only in the egg capsule was slacked when researchers found algal cells inside the embryonic cells in early developmental stages. Which is the first of its kind discovery where algae cells are found inhabiting the cells of invertebrates during specific stages of embryo development. The exact mechanism of how and when algae invade embryos is not yet clearly understood.  

Furthermore, in the year 2017, John Burns and colleagues found that a suppressed protein named NF-kappa-b in embryos reduces immunity response. This facilitates the embryos to grow algae inside them (Burns, J. A., et al. 2017).

Conclusion:

The above-given examples suggest that algae can have a symbiotic relationship with smaller unicellular organisms to multicellular vertebrates. And in most relations algae serves as the best partner to nurture its host. In symbiotic relationships, very distinctive partner plays a key role in each other’s survival. From the beginning of life on earth, natural events have been altering the course of species’ development and survival. However, due to anthropogenic changes and environmental pollution by human interventions many such relations are now ceasing to exist. It has also risked and even vanished many of the species and their associations that were not even discovered. However, life’s struggle for sustenance leads to breaching the boundaries and making an ambiguous and unimaginable alliance, and nature keeps evolving the life forms.

References:

Garrido, A. G., Machado, L. F., Zilberberg, C., & Leite, D. C. D. A. (2021). Insights into ‘Symbiodiniaceae phycosphere’in a coral holobiont. Symbiosis, 83(1), 25-39.

Bedgood, S. A., Mastroni, S. E., & Bracken, M. E. (2020). Flexibility of nutritional strategies within a mutualism: food availability affects algal symbiont productivity in two congeneric sea anemone species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1940), 20201860.

LaJeunesse, T. C., Wiedenmann, J., Casado-Amezúa, P., D’ambra, I., Turnham, K. E., Nitschke, M. R., … & Suggett, D. J. (2022). Revival of Philozoon Geddes for host-specialized Dinoflagellates,‘zooxanthellae’, in animals from coastal temperate zones of northern and southern hemispheres. European Journal of Phycology, 57(2), 166-180.

Enrique-Navarro, A., Huertas, E., Flander-Putrle, V., Bartual Magro, A., Navarro, G., Ruiz, J., … & Prieto, L. (2022). Living Inside a Jellyfish: The Symbiosis Case Study of Host-Specialized Dinoflagellates,” Zooxanthellae“, and the Scyphozoan Cotylorhiza tuberculata.

Olson, J. B., & Kellogg, C. A. (2010). Microbial ecology of corals, sponges, and algae in mesophotic coral environments. FEMS microbiology ecology, 73(1), 17-30

Carballo, J. L., Avila, E., Enríquez, S., & Camacho, L. (2006). Phenotypic plasticity in a mutualistic association between the sponge Haliclona caerulea and the calcareous macroalga Jania adherens induced by transplanting experiments. I: morphological responses of the sponge. Marine Biology, 148(3), 467-478.

Ávila, E., Carballo, J. L., & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2007). Symbiotic relationships between sponges and other organisms from the Sea of Cortes (Mexican Pacific coast): same problems, same solutions. Innovation and Sustainability, 1, 147-156.

Adams, D. G., & Duggan, P. S. (2008). Cyanobacteria–bryophyte symbioses. Journal of experimental botany, 59(5), 1047-1058. Burns, J. A., Zhang, H., Hill, E., Kim, E., & Kerney, R. (2017). Transcriptome analysis illuminates the nature of the intracellular interaction in a vertebrate-algal symbiosis. Elife, 6, e22054.

innovation Waste Management

Innovative Solutions and Technological Interventions in Waste Management

  • December 9, 2022December 10, 2022
  • by everflow

Considering the current state of waste management in the world, unimaginable situations are apparent. These include massive amounts of waste generation lack of waste dumping sites, and undermanagement of waste causing environmental pollution and damaging the ecosystem. Therefore, in recent years many countries have focused on waste management innovation. The Innovation in this field is focused on finding ways to reduce, reuse, recycle waste, and develop new disposal methods.

One of the most important innovations in waste management is the introduction of waste sorting and segregation. By separating the waste into categories, it can be recycled or disposed of in a more efficient manner. This reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and reduces the environmental impact of waste.

Innovation in waste management techniques is a continuous process due to emerging novel waste categories.  Recently, the development of new technologies, such as 3D printing has been used to create new items from waste materials. This helps to reduce the amount of waste going to landfills and encourages manufacturers to use recycled materials in their production processes.

Overall, innovation in waste management is helping to reduce the environmental impact of waste and make the world a cleaner and healthier place.

Ways of Waste Management:

1. Reduce: Reducing the amount of waste produced is the first step in waste management.   This involves making changes to the way people consume products, such as buying items with less packaging, using reusable items instead of disposable ones, and buying in bulk.

2. Reuse: Reusing items is a great way to reduce waste. Items that can be reused include plastic bags, water bottles, and food containers.

3. Recycling: Recycling is a process of collecting and sorting materials, such as paper, plastic, and metal, to be reused. Recycling helps reduce the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of and can also help conserve natural resources.

4. Waste Collection and Transportation: Waste collection and transportation is the process of collecting and transporting waste to designated areas where it can be properly disposed of. This process helps keep communities clean and free of waste.

These ways of waste management are to reduce the amount of waste produced and to ensure that waste is managed safely and responsibly. This also includes the prevention of pollution and the protection of human health and the environment. Waste management also helps to ensure that waste is disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, while also helping to reduce the costs associated with waste disposal.

The basis of these waste management concepts following some innovative, & futuristic solutions is being explored. Apart from this, already-known environmental solutions are implemented for the management of biodegradable waste and some of the potential biological solutions are discussed in this context.

A. Innovative Solutions:

Waste-to-Energy Technology:

energyfromwaste

Waste-to-energy (WTE) technology is a process of converting non-recyclable waste into usable energy. This process is often done by burning the waste in an incinerator. The resulting energy can then be used to generate electricity and heat.

Waste-to-energy technology is a popular solution for municipal solid waste, but can also be applied to agricultural and industrial waste.

Bioenergy from methane and biogas is produced from the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste. Anaerobic digestion is a process by which organic matter is broken down by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. During this process, biogas is produced. Biogas can be used directly as fuel in domestic applications or processed further to produce heat and electricity on a commercial scale. The benefits of using biogas and methane from the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable waste include the reduction of landfill waste, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the production of renewable energy. Additionally, the process of anaerobic digestion can be used to produce other valuable products, such as nutrient-rich compost, which can be used to improve the fertility of agricultural land.

Smart Waste Bins:

smartgarbage

Smart waste bins are an innovative tool in waste management that is designed to make waste collection and disposal more efficient and cost-effective. It uses sensors, wireless networks, and software to monitor and manage waste levels in real time. The data collected can be used to improve waste collection routes, identify problem areas, and help identify potential areas for improvement in the waste disposal process.

Smart bins can help reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills by alerting waste collectors when the bin is full and needs to be emptied. This can help to reduce the amount of waste that goes to landfills and provide a more efficient and cost-effective waste disposal system.

This also helps to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere by changing the fate of waste. Additionally, smart waste bins can be used to collect recyclable materials, making it easier for them to be sorted and recycled.

Overall, smart waste bins are an innovative tool in waste management that can help reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, provide data to waste management companies and local governments to develop better waste management policies and strategies and help to reduce the environmental impact of waste.

Plasma Gasification:

Plasma Gasification is a cutting-edge innovation in waste management that uses high temperatures and electrical energy to convert organic waste into a gaseous fuel. This gaseous fuel can then be used for energy production, making it an efficient and sustainable way of managing the world’s waste.

Plasma Gasification works by vaporizing organic waste into its base elements. These elements are then converted into syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The syngas can then be used to generate electricity, produce synthetic fuels, and create other useful materials. In addition, the process produces a solid residue, which can be used as an alternative fuel source or recycled back into the environment.

Plasma Gasification is an extremely efficient way to manage waste. This is because it has the ability to convert almost any kind of organic waste into a usable form of energy. This makes it a much more efficient way of managing organic waste than traditional methods such as burning or landfilling. In addition, the process produces far fewer emissions than burning organic waste, making it a much more environmentally friendly option.

Plasma Gasification is already being used in some parts of the world and is expected to become more common as the technology continues to develop. This is a great innovation that provides a sustainable and efficient way of managing waste, and it is likely to become a major part of the global waste management landscape in the future.

Pneumatic Waste Collection:

pneumaticsystem

Pneumatic waste collection is an innovative and efficient way to manage waste. It is an automated system that uses a network of pipes to transport waste from one location to another, providing a more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution. This system is used in both commercial and residential buildings and is becoming increasingly popular due to its many advantages.

The main advantage of pneumatic waste collection is its convenience. Waste products are collected in containers which are then loaded onto a conveyor belt or other conveyance system. This belt or other conveyance system then transports the waste to a centralized collection point. From there, it is sorted before being transported to a waste-processing facility. This automated process eliminates the need for manual labour and reduces the risks associated with manual waste collection. It also reduces the amount of time and resources needed for waste collection, which in turn reduces costs for businesses and households.

Another advantage of pneumatic waste collection is its environmental benefits. By eliminating manual labour, it reduces the number of resources used in waste management, such as fuel and energy. It also reduces the amount of pollution from emissions from vehicles used for waste collection. Additionally, it allows for better waste segregation, meaning that recyclable materials are more easily separated from non-recyclable materials. This results in less waste going to landfills, resulting in a more eco-friendly waste management solution.

Overall, pneumatic waste collection is a highly efficient and cost-effective solution for waste management. It eliminates the need for manual labour, reduces environmental impacts and provides a more organized and efficient way to manage waste. It is an innovation that is quickly gaining popularity and is likely to become even more important in the future.

Fleet Management System:

Fleet management systems are playing an increasingly important role in the innovation of waste management. By providing real-time access to data about fleet vehicles, fleet management systems allow for more efficient operation of waste collection and disposal services. This data can be used to monitor and optimize routes, predict maintenance needs, and ensure fuel efficiency.

Advanced analytics capabilities have enabled fleet managers to gain insights into the performance of their fleets, helping them identify areas for improvement and cost savings. They can also use these insights to develop new strategies for managing waste disposal, such as reducing the number of vehicles used for collection or introducing more efficient collection methods.

Fleet management systems also allow for remote monitoring of waste collection and disposal services, allowing managers to track and monitor waste collection and disposal activities in real time. This data can be used to quickly identify problems and take corrective action.

Overall, fleet management systems are playing a key role in the innovation of waste management. By providing access to real-time data and advanced analytics capabilities, fleet managers are able to optimize waste collection and disposal operations, improve safety, and reduce costs.           

AI Waste Sorting:

Al waste sorting innovation is a revolutionary new approach to waste management that has been developed by the Al-Waste Group. The group is dedicated to finding ways to reduce the amount of waste that is sent to landfills, incinerators, and other disposal methods. Al-Waste’s sorting innovation is based on a combination of mechanical and optical sorting methods, which can separate and sort items of waste into different categories.

The sorting process begins by using a machine that sorts the waste into categories such as plastic, paper, glass, and metal. The machine then uses a series of optical scanners to identify and separate the different materials. This process is repeated several times to remove items that are too small to be sorted, and then the sorted items are further separated by weight and size. Finally, the materials are further sorted into various waste streams such as compost, recyclable, and hazardous materials.

Al-Waste’s sorting innovation is a great example of how innovative thinking can lead to more sustainable waste management solutions. By using the latest technologies and techniques, Al-Waste is helping to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, while also increasing the number of materials that can be recycled and reused. This is a great way to reduce the environmental impact of waste management while also helping to create a more sustainable future.

Bioremediation of waste dumping site to remove pollutants (Toxic and Heavy metals) by biomining and bioleaching

Bioremediation of waste dumping sites is a process used to reduce pollutants from contaminated areas and to restore them to a safe and usable condition. Biomining and bioleaching are technologies used in the bioremediation of waste dumping sites to remove heavy metals, such as lead, arsenic, and mercury, from these areas.

Biomining is a process that uses microorganisms (bacteria) to extract minerals of heavy metals from ore deposits. In this process, microbial cells (Prokaryotes and fungi) are used to break down the minerals, and also form complexes with metal ions by secreting chelating substances to chelate them. These metal microorganism complexes are then extracted from the ore through a process of leaching. This technology is used to extract heavy metals from waste dumping sites, which are then reused as resources.

Bioleaching is another bioremediation process that uses certain species of microorganisms to oxidize heavy metals. Microorganisms are then released and collected in a solution leading to the removal of the pollutant from the contaminated site.  This solution can then be treated to remove the heavy metals for recycling purposes or safe disposal.

These two technologies are effective in removing heavy metals from waste dumping sites and restoring them to a safe and usable condition. They are also relatively inexpensive, making them an attractive option for waste management and restoring polluted land.

B. Other Modern Technologies:

One of the most innovative novel technologies in waste management is the use of intelligent monitoring technology. This technology is used to detect, track, and analyse the sources of waste and how it is being managed. It utilizes smart sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms to detect and track the sources of waste, analyse its composition, and identify the best methods for managing it. This technology can be used to help cities and businesses better manage their waste.

robot

Another novel technology in waste management is the use of robotic waste collectors. These robots are equipped with sensors and cameras to detect and collect waste from areas that are hard to reach. They utilize GPS technology to accurately track and collect waste and can be programmed to perform tasks autonomously. This technology has the potential to reduce the amount of human labour needed for waste collection, thereby improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of waste management operations.

Finally, there is the use of cloud-based waste management technology. This technology allows businesses and cities to efficiently manage their waste using a cloud-based platform. It enables them to track and monitor waste streams, set up alerts for when waste needs to be collected, and use predictive analytics to forecast future waste needs. This technology can help businesses and cities reduce their waste generation and save money.

C. Technological interventions in Biological and biochemical Solutions:

Localized Composting Models:  

For domestic organic waste management, modern tools are developed to offer a localized solution. This helps to convert and reduce organic waste produced in houses and small businesses. Composting is a process of breaking down organic kitchen waste, food, vegetables left over, and yard waste, into nutrient-rich soil. Composting can reduce the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of as well as provide fertilizer for plants. Furthermore, to improve compost quality, techniques like vermicomposting are also followed.

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of Environment Polluting Biowaste:

Biowaste containing pathogenic bacteria if dumped openly in the environment can pollute waterbodies and spreads diseases. To avoid this proper disposal of biological waste is very much essential. Anaerobic digestion is a process of breaking down organic waste in the absence of oxygen. This process produces biogas, which can be used to generate electricity and heat. Faecal waste, farm animal excreta, and water treatment plant (STP/ETP) sludge are anaerobically digested to produce energy and nutrient-rich manure. Government authorities help rural communities to implement basic anaerobic digestion technologies by providing funds and subsidising the construction cost. This is to promote the application of available technology for hazardous waste management and also to promote rural development.

 Agricultural waste for bioenergy generation: 

Bioenergy generation technology is a viable option for the conversion of agricultural waste into energy. Second-generation (2G) biofuels majorly focused on the production of ethanol as a liquid fuel from agricultural residues. The acid, alkali or enzyme-based digestion of cellulosic agricultural residue is performed to produce fermentable sugar from complex lignocellulosic biomass. In the subsequent fermentation step, the produced sugar broth is utilized for the production of ethanol as a transportation fuel. This innovative solution will reduce the great issue related to agricultural waste otherwise which is burned in the fields promoting more pollution.

As explained earlier anaerobic digestion is also performed with various types of easily digestible agricultural waste to produce methane-rich biogas. This biogas can be used to generate electricity or heat, as well as used as a transportation fuel.

Liquid Waste:

Scrubbing of Environmental Pollutants from the Industrial Effluent and Stack Gases:

These processes use a combination of filtration and scrubbing technology to reduce harmful gases and liquids from stack and effluents respectively. Pollutants are collected from the exhaust by passing it through a filter material, such as an activated carbon filter, which captures the pollutant particles. The captured pollutants are then removed from the filter material through a scrubbing process, which involves the use of a liquid or gas scrubbing solution.

The scrubbing solution is typically a combination of water and a chemical that reacts with the pollutants to neutralize them. Activated carbon filters are also used to reduce the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The captured pollutants are then further processed in a reaction tank where they are converted into harmless compounds.    

In biological methods, microorganisms are used to sequester poisonous gases and Heavy metal ions from air and water respectively. These organisms utilize a variety of chemicals as their nutrients and can be embedded into filter material for treatment. These bacteria embedded into filter material start utilizing pollutants after placing the filters in liquid waste. The filter material acts as a substrate, providing microbes with the necessary nutrients and environment to grow and thrive.

Use of Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment:

Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms. They are essential in all biochemical pathways and are used in a variety of industrial processes. They can be produced from a variety of microorganisms through industrial fermentation processes. In wastewater treatment, enzymes break down organic waste into smaller molecules that are easily removed in further treatment. Enzymes also remove oil and grease, as well as inorganic compounds such as heavy metals.

Ex. Proteases: Proteases break down proteins in sewage sludge to make it easier to handle and dispose of. Lipase breaks down lipids and fats in wastewater, which can reduce odours and help to improve water quality.

Phyto, Phyco, and Microbial Remediation:

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove pollutants from contaminated water. This process involves growing plants that are able to absorb pollutants from the water and contain them within their tissues.

Phycoremediation is the use of algae to remove pollutants from contaminated water. Algae can absorb and contain pollutants like heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients.

Microbial remediation is the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants contained in water. Microorganisms can break down pollutants such as oil, pesticides, and solvents, making them less harmful and easier to manage.

These methods of liquid waste management are all effective in reducing the number of pollutants that enter the environment.

Green House Gases (GHGs) – CO2 sequestration using Phycoremediation and Phytoremediation:

co2sequestration

The most abundant GHGs Carbon dioxide (CO2), is one of the most significant contributors to global warming. It has become crucial to find ways to reduce emissions and sequester the CO2 already present in the atmosphere. Direct Air Capture (DAC) by physical and chemical means to concentrate and store CO2 is one option. Where, captured CO2 can be stored in gaseous, liquid or solid form under the earth’s crust, and many other places.

Amongst the all-potential CO2 sequestration technologies environmental solutions are more economic and promising (for example Phycoremediation and Phytoremediation). These methods involve the use of plants, microorganisms, and algae to capture CO2 from the atmosphere. In the end, this absorbed CO2 is stored in the form of biomass. This biomass can then be used to produce biofuels and a variety of biocommodity products.

Conclusion and Future Prospects:

A variety of solutions are available for waste management and many innovation options are added with novel research every year. But the major constraints related to technology implementation always remain unresolved. In many cases, waste managing authorities fail to estimate the scale at which waste is generated. They also fail to determine the technology required to manage the waste.

Novel technological interventions are quite promising to resolve waste generation and its management issues. In the future improvement in waste management can be seen if timely adaptation and implementation of novel solutions are made. Furthermore, the exploration and execution of more environmental solutions in the waste management sector would lead to sustainable developments.   

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